* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biological Bases of Behavior - Mrs. Short`s AP Psychology Class
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Neuroethology wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Neurogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Biological Bases of Behavior AP Psych – Chapter 3 Biological Foundations of Behavior Alice F. Short Hilliard Davidson High School Chapter Preview • • • • • • • Nervous System Neurons Brain Endocrine System Damage, Plasticity, and Repair Genetics and Behavior Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness Nervous System • neuroscience - study of the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry • characteristics of the nervous system – complexity • (metaphor = multitasking) – integration – adaptability (plasticity) – electrochemical transmission Nervous System: Pathways • Afferent Nerves (in) – carry information spinal cord and brain • Efferent Nerves (exit) – carry information muscles The Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System: • 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord • 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – somatic nervous system – sensory nerves • muscular activity – autonomic nervous system – internal organs • sympathetic nervous system – arouses • parasympathetic nervous system – calms Nervous System: Divisions 1. Central Nervous System • 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System • 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – composed of all the sensory and motor nerves – somatic nervous system (voluntary) – sensory nerves • carries info to muscles muscular activity – allows you to move in cases of emergency – allows you to move when you want to move – “instruct” “tell” “decide” to move muscles – autonomic nervous system (involuntary) – internal organs • carries information to and from internal organs • monitors breathing, heart rate, digestion • sympathetic nervous system – arouses – kicks into overdrive in cases of emergency (“fight or flight”) – neurotransmitter: noradrenaline • parasympathetic nervous system – calms – medication techniques elicit response – neurotransmitter: acetocholine Nervous System: 2 Types of Cells • neurons – basic unit of the nervous system – information processing – part of neuron: dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals, terminal buttons, nucleus – mirror neurons (in primates) – imitating behaviors of someone else • mimicking the movements of a coach or dancer, etc. • glial cells – provide support and nutrition – carries nutrients from blood vessels neurons Neurons: Structure • neuron – the type of cell that is the basic unit of the nervous system – the nervous system contains over 11 billion neurons 1. cell body (soma) – contains the nucleus • directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance 2. dendrites – branched appendages that carry information to the cell body (receives info) 3. axon – conveys information away from the cell body toward other cells 4. myelin sheath – layer of fat, covers the axon and aids in neural transmission (faster and smoother transmission) Neurons: Structure • dendrite cell body axon Neurons: 3 Types Neuron – the type of cell that is the basic unit of the nervous system – the nervous system contains over 11 billion neurons 1. sensory neurons are located in the body’s sense organs (for example, the eye, ear, or nose) and send information from these organs to the brain 2. motor neurons– convey information from the nervous system to the body’s organs, glands, and muscles 3. interneurons (association neurons) transmit information from one neuron to another within the nervous system • Axons – – – – ions/ion channel negatively/positively charged semipermeable membrane polarization Neural Impulse • Resting Potential – stable charge of an inactive neuron – a negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a positive charge on the outside • Action Potential – depolarization (ion channel opens) • sodium ions flow into the membrane – repolarization – ion exchange sweeps along length of axon • a brief wave of positive and electrical charge that sweeps down the axon – all-or-none principle – intensity of the action potential is not effected by depolarizing and greater levels – once initiated, cannot be stopped Transmission of Nerve Impulse Synapses and Neurotransmitters • Synapse / Synaptic Gap – space between sending axon’s terminal buttons and the receiving dendrite or cell body – the neural message being delivered in a synaptic transmission is carried across the synaptic gap by chemical substances • Synaptic Transmission – electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal – axon vesicle releases neurotransmitter into gap – dendrite receptor site detects neurotransmitter Synapses and Neurotransmitters © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters carry information across the synaptic gap to next neuron. (chemical) – Acetylcholine • • • • muscle actions, learning, memory black widow venom ↑ Ach levels botox (botulin) ↓ Ach levels Alzheimer’s disease: ↓ Ach levels – GABA • anxiety: ↓ GABA levels – Glutamate • • • • excitatory learning & memory involved in many psychological disorders ↑ causes migraines – Norepinephrine • stress and mania: ↑ norepinephrine levels • depression: ↓ norepinephrine levels • regulates sleep states in conjunction with ACh Neurotransmitters (cont.) • Dopamine – – – – – voluntary movement reward anticipation stimulant drugs: activate dopamine receptors Parkinson’s disease: ↓ dopamine levels schizophrenia: ↑ dopamine levels • Serotonin – regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning – depression: ↓ serotonin levels – prozac: ↑ serotonin levels • Endorphins – natural opiates – mediate feelings of pleasure and pain • Oxytocin – both a hormone and a neurotransmitter – related to onset of lactation in new mothers – related to attachment/emotional bonds Neurotransmitters • Note: Drugs can interfere with neurotransmitters – mimics or enhances NT effects – blocks effects of NT Neural Networks • • • • interconnected pathways of nerve cells integrate sensory input and motor output take years to develop a given piece of information embedded in multiple connections between neurons Studying the Brain • Brain Lesioning – naturally occurring or induced • Electrical Recording – electroencephalograph (EEG) – single-unit recording Brain Imaging • • • • • • X-Ray CT Scan PET MRI fMRI TMS Areas of the Brain 1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. forebrain Reminder: any part of the brain is a part of the central nervous system (CNS), which is a part of the nervous system in general Areas of the Brain: 1. Hindbrain • Brainstem – medulla – control breathing, regulate reflexes – pons – sleep & arousal • Cerebellum – motor coordination Areas of the Brain: 2. Midbrain • Substantia Nigra – Parkinson disease • Reticular Formation – stereotyped behavior patterns like walking – manipulates neurotransmitters Brain: Structure and Function Areas of the Brain: 3. Forebrain • Limbic System – memory and emotion – amygdala • discrimination of objects needed for survival • emotional awareness and expression – hippocampus • formation and recall of memories • Thalamus – relay station for much sensory information • Basal Ganglia – coordination of voluntary movements • Hypothalamus – eating, drinking, sexual behaviors – regulate body’s internal state – emotion, stress, reward Cerebral Cortex • Neocortex: outermost layer • Four Lobes: – occipital (vision) – temporal (hearing, language processing, memory) – frontal (intelligence, personality, voluntary muscles) – parietal (spatial location, attention, motor control) Cerebral Cortex Are Brains Wired to Recognize Faces? • prosopagnosia • fusiform face area (FFA) – FFA – specifically for processing faces? Somatosensory, Moor, and Association Cortex • Somatosensoy Cortex (in parietal lobe) – body sensations • Motor Cortex (in frontal lobe) – voluntary movements • Point-to-Point Mapping • Association Cortex (75% of cortex) – not sensory or motor, but associations between Split-Brain Research • Corpus Callosum – Large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain • W.J., the Split Brain Patient • Hemispheric Specialization of Function – left hemisphere – verbal processing, speech, grammar • Broca’s Area • Wernicke’s Area – right hemisphere • spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion Hemispheres of the Cortex Happy Brains • Happiness: Prefrontal Lobe Asymmetry – positive emotional responses • more left prefrontal lobe activity – negative emotional responses • more right prefrontal lobe activity • Biofeedback • Mindfulness (Awareness) Meditation Endocrine System • set of glands that regulate the body by secreting hormones into the bloodstream • hormones = chemical messages • relatively slow communication system • interconnected with the nervous system • pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes Brain Damage and Plasticity • Recovery from brain damage depends on – age of the individual – extent of the damage • Repairing the damaged brain – collateral sprouting – substitution of function – neurogenesis – brain tissue grafts Genetics and Behavior • • • • • • chromosomes, genes, and DNA Human Genome Project dominant-recessive genes principle molecular genetics selective breeding behavior genetics and adoption studies Genes and the Environment • Genotype – genetic heritage + the effects of experience = • Phenotype – observable characteristics – environment alters how genetic traits develop – both physical & psychological characteristics – genetic expression Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness • stressors – …circumstances and events that threaten individuals and/or tax their coping abilities • stress – …our response to those stressors • causes/effects of acute and chronic stress Chapter Summary • Discuss the nature and basic function of the nervous system. • Explain what neurons are and how they process information. • Identify the brain’s levels and structures and summarize the function of those structures. • Identify the endocrine system and describe how it affects behavior. Chapter Summary • Describe the brain’s capacity for recovery and repair. • Explain how genetics increases understanding of behavior. • Describe the role of the biological foundations of human psychology in the body’s stress response. Chapter Summary • The Nervous System – – – – structure and function of the nervous systems structure of a neruon electrochemical communication neurotransmitters and their effects • Brain: Structure and Function – brain imaging techniques – hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain – cerebral lobes and functions Chapter Summary • Brain Damage and Plasticity – collateral sprouting, substitution of function, neurogenesis, brain tissue grafts • Genetics and Behavior – “genes v. environment” and adoption studies • Biological Foundations & Health and Wellness – acute and chronic stress