Download Terms being described

“Fundamentals of Human Physiology” by Stuart Ira Fox
Chapter 4—Study Guide
Compare/Contrast Statements: Read the statement and choose the correct terms being described [from
the list on the following pages] and place in the blank.
STATEMENT #1: A division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal
cord vs. a division of the nervous system that consists of nerves and ganglia.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #2: Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system vs. bundles of
neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #3: Neurons that conduct impulses into the central nervous system vs.
neurons that conduct impulses out of the central nervous system.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #4: Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles vs. neurons that stimulate
smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #5: Supporting cells that form myelin sheaths around many axons of the
peripheral nervous system vs. supporting cells of that form myelin sheaths around
many axons of the central nervous system.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #6: The selectivity as to which molecules can pass from the blood to the
brain vs. a type of neuroglia cell that induces many aspects of the selectivity as to which
molecules can pass from the blood to the brain.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #7: Axons that have myelin sheaths vs. axons that do not have myelin
sheaths.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #8: Areas of the central nervous system contains myelin sheaths but no
cell bodies and dendrites vs. areas of the central nervous system that contain cell bodies
and dendrites but no myelin sheaths.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #9: A difference in charge across the plasma membrane vs. a difference
in charge across the plasma membrane in a neuron or muscle cell that is not producing
impulses.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #10: A decrease in membrane potential (going towards zero voltage)
showing an upward deflection on an oscilloscope vs. an increase in membrane potential
(going to a higher voltage away from zero) showing a downward deflection on an
oscilloscope.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #11: The gated channels that are closed during resting membrane
potential vs. the ungated channels that are open during resting membrane potential.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #12: An ionic channel that can be opened by a depolarization stimulus
vs. an ionic channel that cannot be opened by a depolarization stimulus.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #13: The first step of an action potential resulting from the entry of some
Na+ into the axon vs. the second step of an action potential resulting from the loss of
some K+ from the axon.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #14: The refractory period that occurs during the production of the
action potential vs. the refractory period that occurs immediately following the action
potential.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #15: The first local anesthetic to be used vs. the first synthetic analog of
the first local anesthetic to be used.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #16: A bacterial toxin that blocks inhibitory synapses causing spastic
paralysis vs. a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine causing flaccid
paralysis.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #17: A depolarization produced by a neurotransmitter vs. a
hyperpolarization produced by a neurotransmitter.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #18: Acetylcholine receptors stimulated by acetylcholine as well as a
substance from tobacco plants vs. acetylcholine receptors stimulated by acetylcholine as
well as a substance from poisonous mushrooms.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #19: A common neurodegenerative disorder due to a degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons vs. a mental disorder due to the overactivity of dopaminergic
neurons.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #20: A drug that binds to the reuptake transporters for dopamine and is
used illegally as a recreational drug vs. a drug that inhibits the transporters for
seratonin and is used legally to treat mood disorders.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #21: A neurotransmitter that is a monoamine and a catecholamine as it is
derived from the amino acid tyrosine vs. a neurotransmitter that is a monoamine but not
a catecholamine as it is derived form the amino acid tryptophan.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #22: The enzyme in the post-synaptic membrane that breaks down
acetylcholine after it is released into the synaptic gap vs. the enzyme in the pre-synaptic
axon that breaks down the monoamines once they are transported back into the presynaptic axon.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT #23: A monoamine that functions as a hormone as well as a
neurotransmitter vs. a monoamine that functions only as a neurotransmitter.
Terms being described:__________________________________________________________
Terms being described:
 absolute & relative
 acetylcholinesterase & monoamine oxidase
 blood brain barrier & astrocytes
 Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system
 closed channel & inactivated channel
 cocaine & procaine
 Cocaine & Prozac
 depolarization & hyperpolarization
 depolarization & repolarization
 dopamine & seratonin
 epinephrine & dopamine
 EPSP & IPSP
 membrane potential & resting membrane potential
 myelinated & unmyelinated
 Na+ & K+
 nerves & ganglia
 nicotinic & muscarinic
 Parkinson’s disease & schizophrenia
 Schwann cells & oligodendrocytes
 sensory & motor
 somatic motor & autonomic motor
 tetanus toxin & botulism toxin
 white matter & gray matter
Matching: Match the potential on the right with the appropriate phrase on the left. There may
be more than one answer per blank therefore include all answers.
1._____ saltatorial conduction
2._____ refractory period
A.
B.
C.
D.
IPSP
EPSP
Action potential
All of the above
3._____ all-or-none response
4._____ spatial summation
5._____ conducted only by cable properties
6._____ decreases in amplitude with distance
7._____produced by opening of chemically regulated channels
8._____ produced by opening of voltage gated regulated channels
9._____ produces post-synaptic inhibition
Matching: Match the receptor on the right with the appropriate phrase on the left. There may
be more than one answer per blank therefore include all answers.
10._____ are ion channels that produce EPSPs
11._____ are located in post-synaptic membrane
of skeletal muscle
12._____ binds nicotine from tobacco
A. nicotinic ACh receptors
B. muscarinic ACh receptors
C. GABA receptors
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
13. _____ binds muscarine from mushrooms
14. _____ may cause excitation or inhibition
15._____ are ion channels that produce IPSPs
16._____ binds with acetylcholine
17._____ are neurotransmitters
18._____ binds with GABA
19._____ located in post-synaptic membrane of neurons in autonomic ganglia
20._____ are located in post-synaptic membranes of smooth muscle & gland cells
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ACROSS:
1. They are drugs that increase the ability of GABA to activate its receptors in the brain and
spinal cord.
3. They are neuroglia cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal
cord.
5. They are gaps in the myelin sheath. [3 words]
7. They are neuroglia cells that are phagocytic within the nervous system.
9. It refers to the action potential firing to maximum amplitude or not at all. [3 words]
11. It’s another name for motor neurons because of their direction of conduction.
13. It’s another name for sensory neurons because of their direction of conduction.
15. It’s the ability of a potential change to spread along the axon that is analogous to the
conduction of electricity by a wire.
17. It’s another name for the nerve impulse.
19. They are the parts of the neuron that function in receiving stimulation.
21. They are a type of ion channel that open in response to a depolarization stimulus.
23. It’s the summation of EPSPs produced in different locations in a post-synaptic neuron.
25. It’s a second messenger that activates the enzyme protein kinase that produces a wide variety
of effects by adding phosphate groups to other proteins.
27. It’s a neurological disease that progressively destroys myelin sheaths of neurons in multiple
areas of the central nervous system.
29. An action potential is this kind of event as it occurs only in the tiny stimulated region of the
axon membrane and not in the rest of the axon.
31. It’s the conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon in which the impulse jumps
from node to node.
33. It’s a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic defect in which there is a deficiency of
GABA releasing neurons causing uncontrolled body movements.
35. They are the supporting cells of the central nervous system.
37. It’s the initial segment of the axon.
39. It’s a poison found in shellfish during red tide that when consumed blocks voltage gated Na+
channels.
41. The summation of IPSPs produce this type of inhibition.
43. It’s the energy molecule used by the Na+/K+ pumps to restore the concentration of Na+ and
K+ after the action potential is complete.
45. It’s another name for the sheath of Schwann.
47. The physiology of these cells is the basis of nervous system function.
49. They store chemical neurotransmitter molecules in axon terminals.
51. It’s the period of time when the plasma membrane cannot produce a second action potential
after producing a first one.
DOWN:
2. Neurons that release dopamine are referred to as this.
4. It’s a class of neurons with one process but it divides into two processes.
6. It’s a family of neurotransmitters that bind G-protiens-coupled receptors including dopamine,
seratonin, and epinephrine.
8. Fill in the blank: The stronger the stimulus above threshold, the greater the ____________ of
action potentials.
10. They are designated as alpha, beta, gamma and act as a middleman in synapses where the
neurotransmitter binds to a receptor protein that is separate from the ion channel.
12. A class of neurons that have one dendrite and one axon such as some sensory neurons in the
eye and ear.
14. It’s the sum of electrical and concentration gradients.
16. It’s the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.
18. It’s the tiny space separating the axon terminal from the post-synaptic cell.
20. It’s a drug derived from the resin of a South American tree that causes flaccid paralysis by
blocking muscle nicotinic ACh receptors.
22. It’s the parent molecule for dopamine and is given to Parkinson’s disease patients as
dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier while this parent molecule can cross.
23. They are supporting cells that support neuron cell bodies in the ganglia of the peripheral
nervous system.
24. These neurons have their cell bodies, dendrites, and axons located entirely within the central
nervous system.
26. It’s the part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
27. It’s an autoimmune disease causing flaccid paralysis due to antibodies produced by a person’s
own immune system which blocks muscle nicotinic ACh receptors.
WORD LIST:
 action potential
 afferent
 all or none
 association
 ATP
 axon
 axon hillock
 benzodiazepines
 bipolar
 cable properties
 cell body
 curare
 cyclic AMP
 dendrites
 dopaminergic
 efferent
 electrochemical gradient
 ependyma
 frequency
 G proteins
 Huntington’s disease
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L Dopa
local
local
microglia
monoamines
multiple sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
neurilemma
neuroglia
neurons
Nodes of Ranvier
postsynaptic
pseudounipolar
refractory
saltatorial
satellite
saxitoxin
spatial
synapse
synaptic vesicles
voltage gated