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Central Nervous System
Limbic System
边缘系统
Introduction
History
Paul Broca (1824-1880): a French
physician, surgeon,anatomist, and
anthropologist. He is best known for
his research on Broca's area, a region
of the frontal lobe that has been
named after him.
The term “le grand lobe limbique”
（边缘叶）was first used by Broca
in 1878.
Uncus
James Papez (1883-1958):
an American neuroanatomist
He is most famous for his
1937 description of the Papez
circuit which is a neural
pathway in the brain thought
to be involved in the cortical
control of emotion.
Papez Circuit (Emotions)
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Other hypothalamic nuclei
Septal nuclei
Substantia innominata
(Basal nucleus of Meynert)
Hippocampal Formation
(hippocampus
and dentate gyrus)
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Neocortex
Mammillothalamic
tract
Anterior Thalamic
nuclear group
Cortex of Cingulate Gyrus
Paul D. MacLean (1913-2007)
an American physician and
neuroscientist who made
significant contributions in the
fields of physiology, psychiatry,
and brain research.
The term ‘limbic system’ was first
used by MacLean in 1952 to
describe a set of structurally and
functionally related structures of
the brain bordering the midline,
inner surface of each cerebral
hemisphere.
The main circuit of Limbic System
Anatomy of limbic system
What are the components of
limbic system ?

Core component: hippocampus and amygdala.

Cortex: Cingulated and prefrontal cortex.

Nuclei: hippocampus , septal , amygdala.
Anterior and dorsomedial thalamus

Hypothalamus- mammillary body and
ventromedial hypothalamus.
What are the main functions of
Limbic System?

Preservation of self (Homeostatic) and species
(Reproduction).

Visceral brain, less concerned with external
environment

Responsible for internal and emotional aspect
of our behavior.
What are the other important
functions of limbic System?

Generates emotions (Emotional brain)

Add feeling to sensory experience which direct to
behavior.

Affect: interpret the sensory experience as pleasant or
unpleasant.

Memory and learning which is closely linked to emotion.

Sexual behavior, emotions of rage ,fear, anxiety and
motivation
Components

Amygdaloid body 杏仁体

Hippocampus (“seahorse”) 海马

Hypothalamus 下丘脑

Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回

Cingulate gyus 扣带回

Mamillary bodies 乳头体

Anterior nucleus of thalamus 丘脑前核
Part 1. Amygdaloid body
• Amygdaloid body :
Large nuclear group in temporal lobe.
Regions of the Amygdala

Large basolateral region: 基底外侧核
Provides direct input to basal ganglia and
motor system.

Small corticomedial group of nuclei: 皮质内侧核
Related to olfactory cortex.

Central nuclei: 中央核
Connected to hypothalamus.
（皮质内侧核）
（中央核）
（基底外侧核）
Amygdala Connections
Cerebral cortex（大脑皮质）
Olfactory system（嗅觉系统）
Thalamus（丘脑）
Brainstem reticular formation
（脑干网状结构）
Stria
Terminalis
终纹
Hypothalamus
下丘脑
AMYGDALA
Ventral Amygdalofugal fibers
杏仁核腹侧通路
Amygdala Inputs
Olfactory
System
Temporal Lobe
(associated with visual,
auditory, tactile senses)
AMYGDALA
Corticomedial Nuclear
Group
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Brainstem (viscerosensory relay
Nuclei: solitary nucleus
and parabrachial nucleus)
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers
Amygdala Outputs
Stria Terminalis
Septal Nuclei
Hypothalamus
AMYGDALA
Corticomedial Nuclear
Group
Dorsal Medial Thalamic Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens（伏核）
Hypothalamus
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Nuclei of
ANS
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers
Functions of the Amygdala
Relate environmental stimuli to
coordinated behavioral autonomic and
endocrine responses seen in speciespreservation.
 Responses include:

Feeding and drinking
Agnostic (fighting) behavior
Mating and maternal care
Responses to physical or emotional stresses.
Part 2. Hippocampus
Fornix
commissure
穹窿连合
Mammillary body
Fornix 穹窿
Fimbria 海马伞
Dentate gyrus
齿状回
Hippocampus
Greek: “Sea Monster”
Gross Anatomy and location
From Digital Anatomist
“C” shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
Morphology

Another terminology mess
 Allocortex/ archicortex 古皮质
 Hippocampal formation 海马结构
 Dentate gyrus 齿状回
 Hippocampus 海马
“Cornu ammonis” 阿蒙氏角
 Subicular complex 下托
 Entorhinal cortex 内嗅皮质
Hippocampus
1- hippocampal body
2 – head and digitationes hippocampi
3 – hippocampal tail
4 – fimbria (fornix) 海马伞
5 – fornix 穹隆
6 – subiculum 下托
Hippocampus

Any sensory stimulus will go to the hippocampus, and from
there to the thalamus, hypothalamus and other limbic
structures through FORNIX.

Stimulation of hippocampus can cause pleasure, rage, sex
drive, etc.

Important feature of hippocampus is that it creates
prolonged response

It has only three layered cortex.

It has role in learning and memory
Neocortex greatest developed in human
Hippocampus of Rat
Development of Hippocampus
From Digital Anatomist
From Digital Anatomist
Cytoarchitecture
Two interlocking cell fields
• Dentate gyrus
• hippocampus
Human
Rodent
so sp
•Stratum oriens 始层
•Stratum pyramidale 锥体层
•Stratum lucidum 透明层
•Stratum radiatum 辐射层
•Stratum lacunosummoleculare 网状分子层
sl
sr
sl-m
ml
Hilus
CA1-CA3: pyramidal neurons
Dentate Gyrus: granule cells
Intrinsic connections
Cajal, 1901
hippocampal Network: The hippocampus forms a principally uni-directional network,
with input from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC) that forms connections with the Dentate
Gyrus (DG) and CA3 pyramidal neurons via the Perforant Path (PP). CA3 neurons
also receive input from the DG via the Mossy Fibres (MF). They send axons to CA1
pyramidal cells via the Schaffer Collateral Pathway (SC), as well as to CA1 cells in the
contralateral hippocampus via the Associational Commisural (AC) Pathway. CA1
neurons also receive inputs direct from the Perforant Path and send axons to the
Subiculum (Sb). These neurons in turn send the main hippocampal output back to
the EC, forming a loop.
Connections
Afferents:
 Much of cortex is reciprocally
connected to entorhinal cortex
内嗅皮质
 Cholinergic and GABA input
via septal nuclei 隔核
 Amygdala
 VTA 中脑腹侧被盖区, LC蓝斑,
Raphe n. 中缝核
Efferents
 Via the fornix 穹隆
 Precommissural: septal nuclei
 Post-commisural: mammillary
bodies (to anterior thalamic
nucleus via mammillothalamic
tract)
Two limbic Axis








Hippocampal
Extroceptive 外感受
Cognitive processeslearning and memory 认知
Receive information from
cortical sensory areas
Project to ant. Thalamus
Ant. Thalamus-cingulate
gyrus-hippocampus (Papez
circuit)
Hippocampus-mammillary
body-thalamus
Project to basal ganglion
Project to mid brain via
medial forebrain bundle.








Amygdaloid
Introceptive内感受
Generation of emotions,
motivational states 情感，动机
Cortical sensory areas and
internal organs
Dorso medial thalamus
Dorso medial thalamusprefrontal cortex-amygdala.
Amygdala –ventro medial
hypothalamus
Project to basal ganglion.
Project to mid brain via
medial forebrain bundle.
Part 3. Hypothalamus
Limbic system and hypothalamus
Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Peptidergic neuroendocrine cells:
Magnocellular neurons

“Large” neurons

Located in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Secrete oxytocin and vasopressin into general
circulation via posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

Vasopressin
uterine contraction & milk ejection
vasoconstriction, water
resorption by the kidney
Peptidergic neuroendocrine cells:
Parvocellular neurons

“small” neurons

Located in medial basal region, arcuate and tuberal
nuclei, periventricular region, preoptic and
paraventricular nuclei

Secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal
vasculature via anterior pituitary

Nobel prize awarded to Guillemin (Salk), Schally and
Yalow in 1977 for their (independent) work in proving the
hypothesis that the hypothalamus releases hormones
that regulate the pituitary
Portal veins of hypophysis
Hypothalamus pathways
Afferent Pathway
Projecting from
Median forebrain bundle
Collaterals from other tracts
Fornix
Hippocampus (to MB)
Stria terminalis
amygdala
Efferent Pathway
Projecting to
hypothalamicohypophyseal
(from supraoptic nuclei)
Mammillothalamic tract
Neurohypophysis (pituitary)
Anterior thalamic nucleus
Widespread projections to many brain regions, including the
cerebral cortex, via histamine and hypocretin containing
neurons in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus
Part 4. Cingulate gyus and
Parahippocampal gyrus
思考题

简述边缘系统的研究历史

边缘系统包括哪些结构？核心结构是什么？

试述杏仁核的位置、核团分部、纤维联系及功能。

试述海马的位置、分区、细胞构筑、内部通路及
外部纤维联系。

试述下丘脑的位置及其与神经内分泌的关系。
Thanks !