thesis - ETDA
... strongest evidence implicating the basal ganglia in dystonia comes from studies in druginduced primate models of dystonia and functional brain studies of drug-induced human dystonia (and other hyperkinetic dyskinesias). These models implicate a causative role for decreased basal ganglia output in dy ...
... strongest evidence implicating the basal ganglia in dystonia comes from studies in druginduced primate models of dystonia and functional brain studies of drug-induced human dystonia (and other hyperkinetic dyskinesias). These models implicate a causative role for decreased basal ganglia output in dy ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
Organization of brainstem nuclei
... zone (vestibular nuclei) dorsolaterally and terminating in a general motor efferent zone ventromedially (hypoglossal). Intervening in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence are the somatic afferent column (spinal nucleus of the trigeminal), the visceral afferent column (solitary nucleus and the dorsolateral s ...
... zone (vestibular nuclei) dorsolaterally and terminating in a general motor efferent zone ventromedially (hypoglossal). Intervening in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence are the somatic afferent column (spinal nucleus of the trigeminal), the visceral afferent column (solitary nucleus and the dorsolateral s ...
1
... characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Converging data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support fronto-striatal abnormalities and suggest an important role of the cerebellum. Ho ...
... characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Converging data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support fronto-striatal abnormalities and suggest an important role of the cerebellum. Ho ...
Chapter 3 Two parts of nucleus prepositus hypoglossi project to two
... The dorsolateral column of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a separate part of the PAG. Its afferent sources, efferent targets and neurochemical properties differ from the adjacent PAG columns. The dorsolateral PAG is thought to be associated with aversive behaviors, but it is not yet ...
... The dorsolateral column of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a separate part of the PAG. Its afferent sources, efferent targets and neurochemical properties differ from the adjacent PAG columns. The dorsolateral PAG is thought to be associated with aversive behaviors, but it is not yet ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... Thus the classical concept is changed; there are two main input structures of the basal ganglia: striatum and STN. Several anatomical and electrophysiological studies have been performed on the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic (‘hyperdirect’) pathway, but its functional role within the cortico-basal ...
... Thus the classical concept is changed; there are two main input structures of the basal ganglia: striatum and STN. Several anatomical and electrophysiological studies have been performed on the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic (‘hyperdirect’) pathway, but its functional role within the cortico-basal ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
... for the analysis of the CNS in the rat [6]. Emotional stress and physical stress activate the peripheral and central autonomic nervous system. These activated neurons can be detected by monitoring the expression of immediate early genes such as c-Fos [7]. Immobilization stress (IMO) in the rat is an ...
... for the analysis of the CNS in the rat [6]. Emotional stress and physical stress activate the peripheral and central autonomic nervous system. These activated neurons can be detected by monitoring the expression of immediate early genes such as c-Fos [7]. Immobilization stress (IMO) in the rat is an ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... Figure 1. A single stimulus evoked more dopamine release in the striatum than the VTA, yet the time course of release is similar. A, A single stimulation was used to evoke dopamine release in the VTA (n ⫽ 10; gray trace) and the dorsal striatum (n ⫽ 6; black trace). A single stimulation produced ⬃20 ...
... Figure 1. A single stimulus evoked more dopamine release in the striatum than the VTA, yet the time course of release is similar. A, A single stimulation was used to evoke dopamine release in the VTA (n ⫽ 10; gray trace) and the dorsal striatum (n ⫽ 6; black trace). A single stimulation produced ⬃20 ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... sized to facilitate movement planning or execution by disinhibiting thalamic and brain stem targets. This action parallels that proposed for pauses in substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) discharge in facilitating saccadic eye movements (Hikosaka and Wurtz 1983c). In contrast, pauses in GPe discharge w ...
... sized to facilitate movement planning or execution by disinhibiting thalamic and brain stem targets. This action parallels that proposed for pauses in substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) discharge in facilitating saccadic eye movements (Hikosaka and Wurtz 1983c). In contrast, pauses in GPe discharge w ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... et al., 1982; Sadikot and Parent, 1990; Gaspar et al., 1992; Sanchez-Gonzalez et al., 2005; Menke et al., 2010) [Figure 2]. ...
... et al., 1982; Sadikot and Parent, 1990; Gaspar et al., 1992; Sanchez-Gonzalez et al., 2005; Menke et al., 2010) [Figure 2]. ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... hypothalamic area, whereas the BMAp innervates the ventromedial nucleus particularly heavily. Injections were also placed in the anterior cortical nucleus (COAa), a cell group superficially adjacent to the BMAa. PHAL-labeled axons from this cell group mainly ascend into the amygdala and olfactory ar ...
... hypothalamic area, whereas the BMAp innervates the ventromedial nucleus particularly heavily. Injections were also placed in the anterior cortical nucleus (COAa), a cell group superficially adjacent to the BMAa. PHAL-labeled axons from this cell group mainly ascend into the amygdala and olfactory ar ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the description of our own observations. In this work, it was found that 5-HT-immunoreactive axons and varicosities arborize in every part of the gray matter in the brain and ...
... axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the description of our own observations. In this work, it was found that 5-HT-immunoreactive axons and varicosities arborize in every part of the gray matter in the brain and ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
The Influence of Retinal Afferents Upon the Development of Layers
... thin and is interrupted by these scattered cells. The border of the medial interlaminar nucleus is also poorly defined on this side, the nucleus being recognizable by its elongated cells, not by any cellfree border region. The. results illustrated in figures 7 and 8 for a monocular mink have been co ...
... thin and is interrupted by these scattered cells. The border of the medial interlaminar nucleus is also poorly defined on this side, the nucleus being recognizable by its elongated cells, not by any cellfree border region. The. results illustrated in figures 7 and 8 for a monocular mink have been co ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... central role in the psychology of learning ever since they were introduced by behaviorism last century (see recent overviews Domjan2 and Miltenberger3). They imply that reward and punishment are linked to an operant, ie, to an agent’s action. According to behaviorist concepts, reward increases the p ...
... central role in the psychology of learning ever since they were introduced by behaviorism last century (see recent overviews Domjan2 and Miltenberger3). They imply that reward and punishment are linked to an operant, ie, to an agent’s action. According to behaviorist concepts, reward increases the p ...
CNS 424 Block Educational Framework (Week 1)
... Describe the pharmacological actions of hallucinogens Describe the tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens Outline the toxicity of hallucinogens Steroids abuse and dependence Describe the main features of steroid abuse and dependence. Psychostimulants abuse and dependence Describe the pharmacology ...
... Describe the pharmacological actions of hallucinogens Describe the tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens Outline the toxicity of hallucinogens Steroids abuse and dependence Describe the main features of steroid abuse and dependence. Psychostimulants abuse and dependence Describe the pharmacology ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... staining and expression of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (NP-NF). Apart from nIV, seven subgroups were delineated in nIII: the central caudal nucleus (CCN), a dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), central (CEN), and ventral group (VEN), the nucleus of Perlia (NP) and the non-preganglionic central ...
... staining and expression of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (NP-NF). Apart from nIV, seven subgroups were delineated in nIII: the central caudal nucleus (CCN), a dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), central (CEN), and ventral group (VEN), the nucleus of Perlia (NP) and the non-preganglionic central ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... input to the DR and may contribute an emotional influence on sleep–wakefulness cycle or pain–stress modulation. Furthermore, it seems that the medial amygdaloid–DR projection might be anatomically and functionally distinct from the well-characterized central amygdaloid–periaqeductal gray (PAG) circu ...
... input to the DR and may contribute an emotional influence on sleep–wakefulness cycle or pain–stress modulation. Furthermore, it seems that the medial amygdaloid–DR projection might be anatomically and functionally distinct from the well-characterized central amygdaloid–periaqeductal gray (PAG) circu ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... reconstructions, cell bodies, axonal and/or dendritic arborizations, boundaries of the Acb shell/core and, in relevant cases, a patch compartment were precisely drawn under 25–639 oil immersion objectives. Furthermore, 3D models of these neurons were visualized using the Lightwave software (Newtek I ...
... reconstructions, cell bodies, axonal and/or dendritic arborizations, boundaries of the Acb shell/core and, in relevant cases, a patch compartment were precisely drawn under 25–639 oil immersion objectives. Furthermore, 3D models of these neurons were visualized using the Lightwave software (Newtek I ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.