The central nervous system.
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... in the part of the nucleus lying immediately anterolateral or anteroventral to the anterior pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. All of the reticular nucleus units showed the characteristic, spontaneous, bursting behavior that has been demonstrated repeatedly in animals under barbiturate a ...
... in the part of the nucleus lying immediately anterolateral or anteroventral to the anterior pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. All of the reticular nucleus units showed the characteristic, spontaneous, bursting behavior that has been demonstrated repeatedly in animals under barbiturate a ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... (Brookes et al., 2006a) but individually they exert only weak effects and neither is necessary or sufficient for ADHD. For example, in one study DAT1 polymorphism accounted for a small fraction of the variance in symptoms in ADHD: specifically, 1.1% of variance for inattentive symptoms and 3.6% of the ...
... (Brookes et al., 2006a) but individually they exert only weak effects and neither is necessary or sufficient for ADHD. For example, in one study DAT1 polymorphism accounted for a small fraction of the variance in symptoms in ADHD: specifically, 1.1% of variance for inattentive symptoms and 3.6% of the ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... connectivity, and histochemical and neuronal makeup (e.g. high levels of substance P, enkephalins, and iron; heterogeneous cell types including cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons; basal firing rates that are generally slower than dorsal pallidal but faster than striatal projection neurons), ...
... connectivity, and histochemical and neuronal makeup (e.g. high levels of substance P, enkephalins, and iron; heterogeneous cell types including cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons; basal firing rates that are generally slower than dorsal pallidal but faster than striatal projection neurons), ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
... Telencephalon. Labelled pyramidal cells were found in layer V at the rostral-most pole of the cerebral cortex, contralateral to the injection side (Figs. 2 a, 3 c). This projection pattern was identical in all experiments of this group, with the exception of experiment N A I l , where labelled neuro ...
... Telencephalon. Labelled pyramidal cells were found in layer V at the rostral-most pole of the cerebral cortex, contralateral to the injection side (Figs. 2 a, 3 c). This projection pattern was identical in all experiments of this group, with the exception of experiment N A I l , where labelled neuro ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... be facilitated by synergising experimental approaches and innovative computational models that embrace GP dichotomy (Jaeger, 2013). To address these issues and better define the effective connectivity and other parameters underpinning both slow and beta oscillations in the Parkinsonian STN–GP networ ...
... be facilitated by synergising experimental approaches and innovative computational models that embrace GP dichotomy (Jaeger, 2013). To address these issues and better define the effective connectivity and other parameters underpinning both slow and beta oscillations in the Parkinsonian STN–GP networ ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... The brain may also be divided into three large regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (Fig. 18–2=2). The cerebrum is the telencephalon, the cerebellum is the dorsal part of the metencephalon, and the brain stem encompasses the remaining primary divisions. This chapter is organized to present ...
... The brain may also be divided into three large regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (Fig. 18–2=2). The cerebrum is the telencephalon, the cerebellum is the dorsal part of the metencephalon, and the brain stem encompasses the remaining primary divisions. This chapter is organized to present ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... controlled by activity in a neural network linking ventral striatal opioids with diencephalic and brainstem structures. Key words: feeding; opioids; nucleus accumbens; muscimol; DAMGO; palatability; high-fat diet; hypothalamus; nucleus of the solitary tract; ventral tegmental area; hippocampus ...
... controlled by activity in a neural network linking ventral striatal opioids with diencephalic and brainstem structures. Key words: feeding; opioids; nucleus accumbens; muscimol; DAMGO; palatability; high-fat diet; hypothalamus; nucleus of the solitary tract; ventral tegmental area; hippocampus ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... real-time experimentation data acquisition system [REX, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (LSR/NEI/NIH), Bethesda, MD]. The monkey sat in a primate chair, facing a frontoparallel screen 33 cm from the monkey’s eyes in a sound-attenuated and el ...
... real-time experimentation data acquisition system [REX, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (LSR/NEI/NIH), Bethesda, MD]. The monkey sat in a primate chair, facing a frontoparallel screen 33 cm from the monkey’s eyes in a sound-attenuated and el ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
... The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action selection and control are i ...
... The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action selection and control are i ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... Which populations of PPN neurons are affected by basal ganglia outputs?? Is the PPN a relay for basal ganglia output to gain access to the reticulospinal systems ??? spinal cord?? Is there significant cross-talk between cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in PPNc and PPNd?? Do the desce ...
... Which populations of PPN neurons are affected by basal ganglia outputs?? Is the PPN a relay for basal ganglia output to gain access to the reticulospinal systems ??? spinal cord?? Is there significant cross-talk between cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in PPNc and PPNd?? Do the desce ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... ventral division: P 4.16 and P 4.3); ventral tegmental area (P 5.3 and P 5.6) and substantia nigra pars compacta (P 5.8 and P 6.04); dorsal raphe nucleus (P 7.8, P 8.2 and P 8.8); pedunculopontine (P 7.64 and P 8.3) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (P 8.8 and P 9.16); and locus coeruleus (dendritic ...
... ventral division: P 4.16 and P 4.3); ventral tegmental area (P 5.3 and P 5.6) and substantia nigra pars compacta (P 5.8 and P 6.04); dorsal raphe nucleus (P 7.8, P 8.2 and P 8.8); pedunculopontine (P 7.64 and P 8.3) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (P 8.8 and P 9.16); and locus coeruleus (dendritic ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... inhibitory intercalated cells by the lateral and basal amygdala may inhibit the central amygdala output cells, thus disinhibiting their targets and leading to the expression of responses. The flow of information through amygdala circuits is modulated by a variety of neurotransmitter systems. Thus, n ...
... inhibitory intercalated cells by the lateral and basal amygdala may inhibit the central amygdala output cells, thus disinhibiting their targets and leading to the expression of responses. The flow of information through amygdala circuits is modulated by a variety of neurotransmitter systems. Thus, n ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... pathway in the healthy condition and during Parkinson’s disease. In addition, our structural data suggest that the rodent nigrothalamic pathway can be a valid model of the primate condition, when the mechanism of GABAergic transmission is studied. Key words: spillover; driver; axon terminal; active ...
... pathway in the healthy condition and during Parkinson’s disease. In addition, our structural data suggest that the rodent nigrothalamic pathway can be a valid model of the primate condition, when the mechanism of GABAergic transmission is studied. Key words: spillover; driver; axon terminal; active ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... IN THE PRECEDING PART of this book we considered how the brain constructs internal representations of the world by integrating information from the different sensory systems. These sensory representations are the framework in which the motor systems plan, coordinate, and execute the motor programs r ...
... IN THE PRECEDING PART of this book we considered how the brain constructs internal representations of the world by integrating information from the different sensory systems. These sensory representations are the framework in which the motor systems plan, coordinate, and execute the motor programs r ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... strong enough to produce a substantial rewarding effect, and no stronger. In this paper, we report a survey of the forebrain areas metabolically activated by rewarding stimulation of the posterior MFB, with the magnitude of the stimulation chosen to yield a justsubmaximal rewarding effect. While the ...
... strong enough to produce a substantial rewarding effect, and no stronger. In this paper, we report a survey of the forebrain areas metabolically activated by rewarding stimulation of the posterior MFB, with the magnitude of the stimulation chosen to yield a justsubmaximal rewarding effect. While the ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... afferent projection from the habenula and, in turn, sends the axons to VTA and SNc (Jhou et al., 2009b; Kaufling et al., 2009), and it is supposed that this nucleus mediates the inhibitory influence of the habenular activation on the dopaminergic activity (Jhou et al., 2009a). In the mammalian brain, ...
... afferent projection from the habenula and, in turn, sends the axons to VTA and SNc (Jhou et al., 2009b; Kaufling et al., 2009), and it is supposed that this nucleus mediates the inhibitory influence of the habenular activation on the dopaminergic activity (Jhou et al., 2009a). In the mammalian brain, ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... As previously reported, we found that dopamine neurons with distinct projection targets reside in different, but overlapping, areas of the midbrain (Figure 3; Figure 3-figure supplement 1; Figure 3-figure supplement 2; Figure 3-figure supplement 3) (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2014; Lammel e ...
... As previously reported, we found that dopamine neurons with distinct projection targets reside in different, but overlapping, areas of the midbrain (Figure 3; Figure 3-figure supplement 1; Figure 3-figure supplement 2; Figure 3-figure supplement 3) (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2014; Lammel e ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
... best illustrated by a person who is relaxing after dinner and reading the newspaper. Heart rate and respiratory rates are at lownormal levels, and the gastrointestinal tract is digesting food. The pupils are constricted as the eyes focus for close vision. As you explore the sympathetic and parasympa ...
... best illustrated by a person who is relaxing after dinner and reading the newspaper. Heart rate and respiratory rates are at lownormal levels, and the gastrointestinal tract is digesting food. The pupils are constricted as the eyes focus for close vision. As you explore the sympathetic and parasympa ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... We performed two types of experiments using two macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata) weighing 6.0 kg (monkey A) and 9.0 kg (monkey B). The experiments were carried out in compliance with the guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals by the Physiological Society of Japan. The monkeys were t ...
... We performed two types of experiments using two macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata) weighing 6.0 kg (monkey A) and 9.0 kg (monkey B). The experiments were carried out in compliance with the guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals by the Physiological Society of Japan. The monkeys were t ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
... The subpallium is located ventral to the dorsal medullary lamina (lmd), a cell-poor glial palisade that separates the two major telencephalic divisions, i.e., the pallial and subpallial territories (Källén, 1962; Striedter and Beydler, 1997; Puelles et al., 1999, 2000). The lmd coincides with an a ...
... The subpallium is located ventral to the dorsal medullary lamina (lmd), a cell-poor glial palisade that separates the two major telencephalic divisions, i.e., the pallial and subpallial territories (Källén, 1962; Striedter and Beydler, 1997; Puelles et al., 1999, 2000). The lmd coincides with an a ...
Contents
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... dev et al. 2003). The importance of somesthetic information in regulating whisking behavior and other well-learned motor habits is underscored by the fact that the DLS receives dense, overlapping projections from the primary somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex and other somatosensory cortical areas (Al ...
... dev et al. 2003). The importance of somesthetic information in regulating whisking behavior and other well-learned motor habits is underscored by the fact that the DLS receives dense, overlapping projections from the primary somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex and other somatosensory cortical areas (Al ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.