Full version (PDF file)
... Fig. 2. Cell electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic potentials evoked by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli in NAc core neurons. (A) Both DPSP amplitudes were graded with stimulus intensities. T shows the threshold intensity of stimulus to evoke DPSP. (B) Responses to the same elec ...
... Fig. 2. Cell electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic potentials evoked by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli in NAc core neurons. (A) Both DPSP amplitudes were graded with stimulus intensities. T shows the threshold intensity of stimulus to evoke DPSP. (B) Responses to the same elec ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... not in SNC at three days after MCA occlusion.32 Neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra following cerebral infarction in the striatum was also clinically recognized.2,13,18 Although the precise mechanism of delayed neuronal degeneration in the SNR following MCA occlusion is not known, there is ...
... not in SNC at three days after MCA occlusion.32 Neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra following cerebral infarction in the striatum was also clinically recognized.2,13,18 Although the precise mechanism of delayed neuronal degeneration in the SNR following MCA occlusion is not known, there is ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... the medial nucleus (Fig. 4, R57). Single labeled cells appeared here following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, ...
... the medial nucleus (Fig. 4, R57). Single labeled cells appeared here following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... elaboration of the motor command. According to this hypothesis cerebellum is responsible for the pre-programmed ballistic movements, while caudate nucleus is mainly concerned with the slow ramp movements. Both structures converge through the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus upon the motor cortex, t ...
... elaboration of the motor command. According to this hypothesis cerebellum is responsible for the pre-programmed ballistic movements, while caudate nucleus is mainly concerned with the slow ramp movements. Both structures converge through the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus upon the motor cortex, t ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, and the retrograde tracer, FluoroGold, we examined the efferent projections of PV and PT. We showed that the output of PV is virtually directed to a disc ...
... and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, and the retrograde tracer, FluoroGold, we examined the efferent projections of PV and PT. We showed that the output of PV is virtually directed to a disc ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... However, it remains unclear exactly what brain mechanisms lead to this behavior on the part of dopamine cells. Most researchers agree that the critical learning processes are taking place upstream from the midbrain dopamine neurons themselves. But which areas are doing what? Because it is an abstrac ...
... However, it remains unclear exactly what brain mechanisms lead to this behavior on the part of dopamine cells. Most researchers agree that the critical learning processes are taking place upstream from the midbrain dopamine neurons themselves. But which areas are doing what? Because it is an abstrac ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along t ...
... those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along t ...
Section 1: Anatomy of the sensorimotor system
... produced movement abnormalities, and that stimulation of the same cortex could elicit muscle responses in dogs (Fritsch and Hitzitg 1870) and monkeys (Ferrier 1876). Working on chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans, Sherrington and colleagues mapped out motor responses elicited by stimulating points ...
... produced movement abnormalities, and that stimulation of the same cortex could elicit muscle responses in dogs (Fritsch and Hitzitg 1870) and monkeys (Ferrier 1876). Working on chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans, Sherrington and colleagues mapped out motor responses elicited by stimulating points ...
LIMBIC SYSTEM
... o Amygdala o Septal nuclei o Closed circuit of information flow between the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus ...
... o Amygdala o Septal nuclei o Closed circuit of information flow between the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus ...
SPHS 4050, Neurological Bases, PP 09a
... somatic and autonomic nervous system functions; the spinal nerves carry both somatic and autonomic nervous systems functions ...
... somatic and autonomic nervous system functions; the spinal nerves carry both somatic and autonomic nervous systems functions ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus — both interneurons and ascending projection neurons. The trigeminothalamic and trigeminotectal neurons are primarily located in the marginal zone. Trigeminoreticular neurons are located in the deeper portions of the nucleus. ...
... afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus — both interneurons and ascending projection neurons. The trigeminothalamic and trigeminotectal neurons are primarily located in the marginal zone. Trigeminoreticular neurons are located in the deeper portions of the nucleus. ...
Pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides in the central nervous system of
... otherwise noted (Fig. 1). The SEG contained three groups of immunoreactive neurons that putatively correspond to the mandibular, maxillary, and labial neuromeres (Fig. 2a). All three neuromeres contained about 6 neurons each in most preparations. In most preparations the neurons of the mandibular an ...
... otherwise noted (Fig. 1). The SEG contained three groups of immunoreactive neurons that putatively correspond to the mandibular, maxillary, and labial neuromeres (Fig. 2a). All three neuromeres contained about 6 neurons each in most preparations. In most preparations the neurons of the mandibular an ...
Cerebellum13
... Go back and refer to Fig. 13-8: The 1 input is the red nucleus-parvocellular. - Inferior olivary nucleus – origin of all climbing fibres. - Medial and inferior vestibular nuclei (“dcn” for vestibulocerebellum) – receives Purkinje cell axons from flocculonodular lobe vestibulospinal tracts and th ...
... Go back and refer to Fig. 13-8: The 1 input is the red nucleus-parvocellular. - Inferior olivary nucleus – origin of all climbing fibres. - Medial and inferior vestibular nuclei (“dcn” for vestibulocerebellum) – receives Purkinje cell axons from flocculonodular lobe vestibulospinal tracts and th ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... to reflect the operation of a contiguity learning rule, subsequently referred to as Hebbian-learning. As one might expect, this proposed that S–R learning is governed by contiguous activation of sensory and motor processes (Hebb, 1949). On a pure contiguity account (Guthrie, 1935) that is all that i ...
... to reflect the operation of a contiguity learning rule, subsequently referred to as Hebbian-learning. As one might expect, this proposed that S–R learning is governed by contiguous activation of sensory and motor processes (Hebb, 1949). On a pure contiguity account (Guthrie, 1935) that is all that i ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... voluntary movement. Whereas rigidity and tremor can be studied at rest, the analysis of voluntary movement impairment needs to be carried out during execution of a motor task. Basal ganglia (BG) activity is impaired by dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease. The exact role of this network in moto ...
... voluntary movement. Whereas rigidity and tremor can be studied at rest, the analysis of voluntary movement impairment needs to be carried out during execution of a motor task. Basal ganglia (BG) activity is impaired by dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease. The exact role of this network in moto ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle. The information from cerebral cortex could then be transmitted to cerebellum by the relay of pontine nuclei. Precision and efficiency of voluntary movements. ...
... the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle. The information from cerebral cortex could then be transmitted to cerebellum by the relay of pontine nuclei. Precision and efficiency of voluntary movements. ...
Morphometric Studies of the Neuropathological Changes in
... cortex were measured . All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values . In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated . The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral 57 %, medial -50 %) as that of ...
... cortex were measured . All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values . In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated . The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral 57 %, medial -50 %) as that of ...
The Thalamus
... Recognition of the thalamus as a sensory relay centre occurred during the 18th century, largely from observations of human patients suffering from diencephalic lesions. There was, however, also a school of thought that saw it as a part of the basal ganglia and therefore as a motor relay centre. As e ...
... Recognition of the thalamus as a sensory relay centre occurred during the 18th century, largely from observations of human patients suffering from diencephalic lesions. There was, however, also a school of thought that saw it as a part of the basal ganglia and therefore as a motor relay centre. As e ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four ti ...
... We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four ti ...
Neuro Objectives 22 - U
... Medial longitudinal fasciculus: medial throughout brainstem, ventral to the ventricular system Oculomotor nuclei: rostral midbrain, medial, multiple nuclei ventral to periaqueductal gray Trochlear nuclei: caudal midbrain, medial, dorsal to MLF, only cranial nerve that leaves both dorsally and crosse ...
... Medial longitudinal fasciculus: medial throughout brainstem, ventral to the ventricular system Oculomotor nuclei: rostral midbrain, medial, multiple nuclei ventral to periaqueductal gray Trochlear nuclei: caudal midbrain, medial, dorsal to MLF, only cranial nerve that leaves both dorsally and crosse ...
The limbic system
... the limbic system is one of the most active brain areas during the process of dreaming. The limbic system probably interweaves unconscious primal emotions with our conscious cognitive thoughts and perceptions and thereby ties together emotions and memory during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to form ...
... the limbic system is one of the most active brain areas during the process of dreaming. The limbic system probably interweaves unconscious primal emotions with our conscious cognitive thoughts and perceptions and thereby ties together emotions and memory during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to form ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... D1 receptors of separate populations of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Since these two populations of cells mediate the direct (D1 type) and indirect (D2 type) pathway signals, respectively, the net effect of DA depletion is likely to enhance the inhibitory basal ganglia output to the thalamo ...
... D1 receptors of separate populations of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Since these two populations of cells mediate the direct (D1 type) and indirect (D2 type) pathway signals, respectively, the net effect of DA depletion is likely to enhance the inhibitory basal ganglia output to the thalamo ...
Review SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION OF THE CRANIAL NERVE
... The extraocular muscle fibers of vertebrates (9) can be classified into two categories: singly innervated fibers (SIFs) and multiply innervated fibers (MIFs). In monkeys, the motoneurons of SIFs lie within the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nucleus, whereas the motoneurons of MIFs appear in sep ...
... The extraocular muscle fibers of vertebrates (9) can be classified into two categories: singly innervated fibers (SIFs) and multiply innervated fibers (MIFs). In monkeys, the motoneurons of SIFs lie within the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nucleus, whereas the motoneurons of MIFs appear in sep ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.