Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... • The PFC encodes information in an active state through sustained neural firing, which is more flexible and rapidly updatable than using synaptic weight changes. • The basal BG drives updating (dynamic gating) of PFC active memory states. • Phasic dopamine signals from midbrain nuclei have the righ ...
... • The PFC encodes information in an active state through sustained neural firing, which is more flexible and rapidly updatable than using synaptic weight changes. • The basal BG drives updating (dynamic gating) of PFC active memory states. • Phasic dopamine signals from midbrain nuclei have the righ ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... Beginning rostrally and ending caudally, the following guidelines were established: i. Care was taken not to include cerebrospinal fluid or meningeal artifacts on the medial aspect of each caudate. ii. The nucleus accumbens (abutting on the ventral aspect of the caudate and forming a bridge of tissu ...
... Beginning rostrally and ending caudally, the following guidelines were established: i. Care was taken not to include cerebrospinal fluid or meningeal artifacts on the medial aspect of each caudate. ii. The nucleus accumbens (abutting on the ventral aspect of the caudate and forming a bridge of tissu ...
Morphometric changes of the central nervous system of
... The cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia also differentiated the studied groups (F2.27 = 15.81, P<0.0001). In the control group, the average cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia was significantly higher than in both experimental groups (post-hoc). The volume of the neuropil in the subeso ...
... The cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia also differentiated the studied groups (F2.27 = 15.81, P<0.0001). In the control group, the average cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia was significantly higher than in both experimental groups (post-hoc). The volume of the neuropil in the subeso ...
Habit formation
... that relates closely to how fluid and apparently non-purposeful the behavior is, potentially by “chunking” the behavior together into a unit. Animals in a wide variety of tasks start with trialand-error learning, and under conditions in which task demands are stable, behavior becomes more rigid and ...
... that relates closely to how fluid and apparently non-purposeful the behavior is, potentially by “chunking” the behavior together into a unit. Animals in a wide variety of tasks start with trialand-error learning, and under conditions in which task demands are stable, behavior becomes more rigid and ...
PROJECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID BODY TO THE INSULAR
... cortex too. The above discrepancies might be caused by the use of different methods, they might also be related to differences in the delineation of the insular cortex. The greatest number of labeled neurons were found in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Its ventral part projects mainly to the a ...
... cortex too. The above discrepancies might be caused by the use of different methods, they might also be related to differences in the delineation of the insular cortex. The greatest number of labeled neurons were found in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Its ventral part projects mainly to the a ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... With respect to the animal studies, we included studies only on nonhuman primates: just as in humans, the STN in nonhuman primates is a closed nucleus (i.e., dendrites are restricted to the nucleus), in contrast for example to the rat STN (Smith et al., 1990; Marani et al., 2008). With respect to th ...
... With respect to the animal studies, we included studies only on nonhuman primates: just as in humans, the STN in nonhuman primates is a closed nucleus (i.e., dendrites are restricted to the nucleus), in contrast for example to the rat STN (Smith et al., 1990; Marani et al., 2008). With respect to th ...
Anatomical evidence for an ascending somatosensory pathway to
... 2) at 21 to 25 ~ C, each animal was given an overdose of methohexital sodium and perfused transcardially with 0.7% saline followed by 2% glutaraldehyde. Brains were embedded in gelatin, sectioned at 40 ~, and reacted according to a standard protocol with diaminobenzidine (LaVail and LaVail 1974) and ...
... 2) at 21 to 25 ~ C, each animal was given an overdose of methohexital sodium and perfused transcardially with 0.7% saline followed by 2% glutaraldehyde. Brains were embedded in gelatin, sectioned at 40 ~, and reacted according to a standard protocol with diaminobenzidine (LaVail and LaVail 1974) and ...
Neural correlates of tic severity and cognitive C. L. Baym,
... Several studies have found evidence of compensatory mechanisms in adults with TS: i.e. enhanced prefrontal activation in TS patients relative to healthy adults, despite similar performance levels (Johannes et al., 2001; Hershey et al., 2004). Intriguingly, as noted previously, one study showed enhan ...
... Several studies have found evidence of compensatory mechanisms in adults with TS: i.e. enhanced prefrontal activation in TS patients relative to healthy adults, despite similar performance levels (Johannes et al., 2001; Hershey et al., 2004). Intriguingly, as noted previously, one study showed enhan ...
Trigeminal pathways handout
... synapse in spinal nucleus of V. The tract is continuous with the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s tract) in the spinal cord, again emphasizing the similarities with the ALS system. 2. The Spinal (descending) nucleus extends caudally as far as C2-C3 and is continuous with the dorsal horn. This mea ...
... synapse in spinal nucleus of V. The tract is continuous with the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s tract) in the spinal cord, again emphasizing the similarities with the ALS system. 2. The Spinal (descending) nucleus extends caudally as far as C2-C3 and is continuous with the dorsal horn. This mea ...
Optimal decision making theories - Bristol CS
... 3.1. Neurobiology of decision processes in the basal ganglia The basal ganglia are a set of nuclei connected with one another, cortex and subcortical regions. Redgrave et al. (1999) have proposed that the basal ganglia act as a central switch resolving competition between cortical regions vying for ...
... 3.1. Neurobiology of decision processes in the basal ganglia The basal ganglia are a set of nuclei connected with one another, cortex and subcortical regions. Redgrave et al. (1999) have proposed that the basal ganglia act as a central switch resolving competition between cortical regions vying for ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... single PPN neuron could thus be involved in a wide variety of functions, its role being dependent on the inputs activated and its activity history at any particular point in time. In addition, the differences in the physiological features of single cells related to different functions, together with ...
... single PPN neuron could thus be involved in a wide variety of functions, its role being dependent on the inputs activated and its activity history at any particular point in time. In addition, the differences in the physiological features of single cells related to different functions, together with ...
Movement disorders
... promotes movement. The indirect pathway decreases the level of cortical excitation and suppresses unwanted movement. • The striatum is the major input center and the Globus pallidus is the major output center for the pathways through the basal ganglia. Critical to proper function of the striatum is ...
... promotes movement. The indirect pathway decreases the level of cortical excitation and suppresses unwanted movement. • The striatum is the major input center and the Globus pallidus is the major output center for the pathways through the basal ganglia. Critical to proper function of the striatum is ...
Objectives 36 - u.arizona.edu
... CEREBELLUM – 1. ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM - consistent with function of providing coordinating signals for movement - receives sensory inputs from many areas of body (as well as visual and vestibular sensory info) - cortex associated with movement projects to cerebellum - output of cerebellum projects t ...
... CEREBELLUM – 1. ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM - consistent with function of providing coordinating signals for movement - receives sensory inputs from many areas of body (as well as visual and vestibular sensory info) - cortex associated with movement projects to cerebellum - output of cerebellum projects t ...
Neuroanatomy Final Review Notes by Russ Beach
... H. Bilateral Central scotoma: blow to back of head I. Visual agnosias: inability to recognize an object due to lesions in visual association areas ...
... H. Bilateral Central scotoma: blow to back of head I. Visual agnosias: inability to recognize an object due to lesions in visual association areas ...
Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement
... • Parkinson’s disease: Trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of the thalamus by basal ganglia • Symptoms: Bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity and tremors of hand and jaw ...
... • Parkinson’s disease: Trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of the thalamus by basal ganglia • Symptoms: Bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity and tremors of hand and jaw ...
reward and reinforcement i
... Consider a newborn baby. How do babies spend most of their time? Sleeping, eating, crying and cuddling. Babies come into the world with many innate mechanisms for motivated behavior, and for getting their basic needs attended to. For example, they respond differentially to substances with different ...
... Consider a newborn baby. How do babies spend most of their time? Sleeping, eating, crying and cuddling. Babies come into the world with many innate mechanisms for motivated behavior, and for getting their basic needs attended to. For example, they respond differentially to substances with different ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizontal and vertical eye position were calibrated before each experiment by having monkeys fixate on a stationary target spot at known visual angles. Thereafter, visual stimuli were presented in indi ...
... each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizontal and vertical eye position were calibrated before each experiment by having monkeys fixate on a stationary target spot at known visual angles. Thereafter, visual stimuli were presented in indi ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... Figure 2-8: Rostro-caudal distribution of first- and second-order NBM neurons after injections into area 9L and M1. ..................................................................................... 50 Figure 2-9: Density of third-order neurons labeled after RV injections into area 9L, PrePMd and ...
... Figure 2-8: Rostro-caudal distribution of first- and second-order NBM neurons after injections into area 9L and M1. ..................................................................................... 50 Figure 2-9: Density of third-order neurons labeled after RV injections into area 9L, PrePMd and ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 38.1 Overview of the central
... FIGURE 38.8 The hypothalamic-neurohypophysial control of vasopressin and oxytocin release is shown (top). Large cells (magnocellular) in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei synthesize vasopressin or oxytocin, which are transported by axonal transport into nerve terminals located in the posteri ...
... FIGURE 38.8 The hypothalamic-neurohypophysial control of vasopressin and oxytocin release is shown (top). Large cells (magnocellular) in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei synthesize vasopressin or oxytocin, which are transported by axonal transport into nerve terminals located in the posteri ...
Sample pages PDF
... In 1861, Paul Broca, a neurologist at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, was the first to show through clinical observations combined with subsequent autopsies the important role of the lower, posterior part of the left frontal lobe in articulated language in Genuinely right-handed subjects. This re ...
... In 1861, Paul Broca, a neurologist at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, was the first to show through clinical observations combined with subsequent autopsies the important role of the lower, posterior part of the left frontal lobe in articulated language in Genuinely right-handed subjects. This re ...
Lecture 11 - Websupport1
... body wall or thoracic cavity synapses in chain ganglia • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) – group of second order neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region ...
... body wall or thoracic cavity synapses in chain ganglia • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) – group of second order neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... Orthostatic hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that occurs when sympathetic vasoconstriction centers respond slowly to positional changes ...
... Orthostatic hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that occurs when sympathetic vasoconstriction centers respond slowly to positional changes ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... to frank intermixing (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1985). Alternatively, cue-related sensory signals in posterior parietal might be relayed to CD units via the sensory-related cells in the PF through cortical-cortical projections (Bates and Goldman-Rakic 1993; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1988). What is i ...
... to frank intermixing (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1985). Alternatively, cue-related sensory signals in posterior parietal might be relayed to CD units via the sensory-related cells in the PF through cortical-cortical projections (Bates and Goldman-Rakic 1993; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1988). What is i ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.