Dopamine Modulates the Function of Group II and Group III
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
THE NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION Ralph F
... 5. The medial thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex and are involved in behavior and memory. 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral geniculate body to function as relays for visual information. 7. The medial geniculate body ...
... 5. The medial thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex and are involved in behavior and memory. 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral geniculate body to function as relays for visual information. 7. The medial geniculate body ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... nucleus as well as in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. The data shown above pertaining to the localization of AChE activity in the amygdala of the cat, Galugo senegalensis, and man are generally similar to our results found in the amygdaloid complex of the rat. These results seem to conf ...
... nucleus as well as in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. The data shown above pertaining to the localization of AChE activity in the amygdala of the cat, Galugo senegalensis, and man are generally similar to our results found in the amygdaloid complex of the rat. These results seem to conf ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) or substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and then on to the thalamus, finally projecting back up in the frontal cortex (Alexander et al., 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consi ...
... globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) or substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and then on to the thalamus, finally projecting back up in the frontal cortex (Alexander et al., 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consi ...
LECTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
... grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex . ...
... grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex . ...
NEURO ANATOMY
... 2- Nucleus of the abducent nerve: - at the bottom of the facial colliculus and it is surrounded by fibers of facial nerve as they arise from the facial nerve nucleus , they loop around the abducent nerve creating a swelling called the facial colliculus 3- Nuclei of facial nerve (3 in number): - One ...
... 2- Nucleus of the abducent nerve: - at the bottom of the facial colliculus and it is surrounded by fibers of facial nerve as they arise from the facial nerve nucleus , they loop around the abducent nerve creating a swelling called the facial colliculus 3- Nuclei of facial nerve (3 in number): - One ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier
... FIGURE 33.2 The columnar organization of hypothalamic cell groups is illustrated on a flat map of the rat central nervous system. Three longitudinal zones form columns that extend through the rostrocaudal extent of the hypothalamus. The periventricular region (PR; light red) lies immediately adjace ...
... FIGURE 33.2 The columnar organization of hypothalamic cell groups is illustrated on a flat map of the rat central nervous system. Three longitudinal zones form columns that extend through the rostrocaudal extent of the hypothalamus. The periventricular region (PR; light red) lies immediately adjace ...
Chapter 20
... autonomic motor pathway). 6. Structure of the Parasympathetic Division: (p. 641) i. Cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in brain stem nuclei and the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord. ii. The cranial parasympathetic outflo ...
... autonomic motor pathway). 6. Structure of the Parasympathetic Division: (p. 641) i. Cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in brain stem nuclei and the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord. ii. The cranial parasympathetic outflo ...
Cerebellum
... from cortical motor areas about the intended motor command and on feedback from the spinal cord and periphery, which provides details about the evolving movement. These inputs allow the spinoocerebellum to correct for deviations from the intended movement. The Cerebrocerebellum Coordinates the Plann ...
... from cortical motor areas about the intended motor command and on feedback from the spinal cord and periphery, which provides details about the evolving movement. These inputs allow the spinoocerebellum to correct for deviations from the intended movement. The Cerebrocerebellum Coordinates the Plann ...
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D
... D- and L-Dopa produced a change in dopamine levels with similar efficacy. This turning behavior was attributed to the stimulation of sensitive dopamine receptors in the lesioned striata by the extraneuronally formed dopamine. D-Dopa was converted to dopamine via transamination and/or Damino acid oxi ...
... D- and L-Dopa produced a change in dopamine levels with similar efficacy. This turning behavior was attributed to the stimulation of sensitive dopamine receptors in the lesioned striata by the extraneuronally formed dopamine. D-Dopa was converted to dopamine via transamination and/or Damino acid oxi ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... cued direction), main effect of reward condition; p < 0.01). Among the 76 modulated neurons, 64 neurons (visual, 31; memory, 36) showed an enhancement (‘reward-facilitated neurons’), whereas 12 neurons (visual, 5; memory, 7) showed a reduction of response (‘reward-suppressed neurons’). The results w ...
... cued direction), main effect of reward condition; p < 0.01). Among the 76 modulated neurons, 64 neurons (visual, 31; memory, 36) showed an enhancement (‘reward-facilitated neurons’), whereas 12 neurons (visual, 5; memory, 7) showed a reduction of response (‘reward-suppressed neurons’). The results w ...
9-Cranial nerve 8 (Vestibulo
... head & eye movements. The descending component extends into the spinal cord as the medial vestibulospinal tract. ...
... head & eye movements. The descending component extends into the spinal cord as the medial vestibulospinal tract. ...
pdf, 1 MiB - Infoscience
... propose to use text-mining models to automatically suggest potential targets from the neuroscientific literature, full-text articles and abstracts, so that they can be used for anatomical connection studies and more specifically for tractography. We applied textmining models to three structures: two ...
... propose to use text-mining models to automatically suggest potential targets from the neuroscientific literature, full-text articles and abstracts, so that they can be used for anatomical connection studies and more specifically for tractography. We applied textmining models to three structures: two ...
Thalamus Notes
... posteromedial (VPM) nuclei. Although the medial and lateral geniculate bodies together constitute the methathalamus, these well defined nuclear masses may be considered as a caudal continuation of the ventral nuclear mass. The ventral nuclear group and the methathalamus constitute the largest subdiv ...
... posteromedial (VPM) nuclei. Although the medial and lateral geniculate bodies together constitute the methathalamus, these well defined nuclear masses may be considered as a caudal continuation of the ventral nuclear mass. The ventral nuclear group and the methathalamus constitute the largest subdiv ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
Avian brains and a new understanding of
... ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ intelligence in a chronological series. They believed that the brains of extant vertebrates retained ancestral structures, and, therefore, that the origin of specific human brain subdivisions could be traced back in time by examining the brains of extant non-human vertebrates. In ...
... ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ intelligence in a chronological series. They believed that the brains of extant vertebrates retained ancestral structures, and, therefore, that the origin of specific human brain subdivisions could be traced back in time by examining the brains of extant non-human vertebrates. In ...
Basic functional neuroanatomy
... 1. Functions attributed to a particular part of the brain or spinal cord are found to be disordered, thereby indicating the site of an irritating or a destructive lesion. In many cases the functions of these regions have been deduced principally from correlation of clinical conditions with pathologi ...
... 1. Functions attributed to a particular part of the brain or spinal cord are found to be disordered, thereby indicating the site of an irritating or a destructive lesion. In many cases the functions of these regions have been deduced principally from correlation of clinical conditions with pathologi ...
THALAMUS
... sheet-like nuclei in the intralaminar group receive nociceptive spinothalamic fibers (so do VPL and MD) and are part of the reticular activating system; the CM nucleus of the intralaminar group has connections with motor areas of the brain. 4) Thalamic syndromes. It is important to know the differen ...
... sheet-like nuclei in the intralaminar group receive nociceptive spinothalamic fibers (so do VPL and MD) and are part of the reticular activating system; the CM nucleus of the intralaminar group has connections with motor areas of the brain. 4) Thalamic syndromes. It is important to know the differen ...
Kenji Doya 2001
... The findings regarding the response of dopamine neurons in the course of learning was a big surprise to theoretical neuroscientists who were familiar with TD learning. The response to the reward itself before learning and the response to the reward predicting sensory state after learning are exactly ...
... The findings regarding the response of dopamine neurons in the course of learning was a big surprise to theoretical neuroscientists who were familiar with TD learning. The response to the reward itself before learning and the response to the reward predicting sensory state after learning are exactly ...
Transcripts/3_9 1
... f. Nucleus of ambiguous also provides output. XIII. Visceral and Somatic Afferents [S13] a. You have sensory information coming in from the somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons and they are both are coming into the dorsal horn neurons. Early evidence that their projections to the rel ...
... f. Nucleus of ambiguous also provides output. XIII. Visceral and Somatic Afferents [S13] a. You have sensory information coming in from the somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons and they are both are coming into the dorsal horn neurons. Early evidence that their projections to the rel ...
INTERNAL CAPSULE
... – Periaqueductal grey also receives input from the hypothalamus and cortex about behavioral state – Efferents from the periaqueductal grey project to one of the raphe nuclei and medullary reticular ...
... – Periaqueductal grey also receives input from the hypothalamus and cortex about behavioral state – Efferents from the periaqueductal grey project to one of the raphe nuclei and medullary reticular ...
Slide 1
... activity activates the brainstem micturition center, which inhibits the spinal guarding reflexes (sympathetic and pudendal outflow to the urethra). The pontine micturition center also stimulates the parasympathetic outflow to the bladder and internal sphincter smooth muscle. Maintenance of the voidi ...
... activity activates the brainstem micturition center, which inhibits the spinal guarding reflexes (sympathetic and pudendal outflow to the urethra). The pontine micturition center also stimulates the parasympathetic outflow to the bladder and internal sphincter smooth muscle. Maintenance of the voidi ...
Document
... • Raises blood glucose levels • Mobilizes fat as a food source • Stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
... • Raises blood glucose levels • Mobilizes fat as a food source • Stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.