Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
Chapter 10
... the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ________, while the trunk the motor homunculus are primarily involved in activating motor neurons the trunk primarily on the _________. ...
... the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ________, while the trunk the motor homunculus are primarily involved in activating motor neurons the trunk primarily on the _________. ...
Autonomic Nervous System I and II
... Hypogastric plexus- urinary bladder and genital organs. Renal plexus- kidneys and ureters. ...
... Hypogastric plexus- urinary bladder and genital organs. Renal plexus- kidneys and ureters. ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... tonic muscular responses. NMDA, bicuculline, and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol induced an increase in locomotor activity. The present study provides evidence that an imbalance between NMDA-mediated excitation and GABAergic inhibition within the rat VM leads to disturbances of motility, whereas ...
... tonic muscular responses. NMDA, bicuculline, and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol induced an increase in locomotor activity. The present study provides evidence that an imbalance between NMDA-mediated excitation and GABAergic inhibition within the rat VM leads to disturbances of motility, whereas ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... grasp it. Such movements were termed by Wise and colleagues (1996) standard sensorimotor mapping in that the movement is mapped accurately onto the target of action. The brain uses the location of the object to guide the hand through space, and the shape, size and texture of the object to form the a ...
... grasp it. Such movements were termed by Wise and colleagues (1996) standard sensorimotor mapping in that the movement is mapped accurately onto the target of action. The brain uses the location of the object to guide the hand through space, and the shape, size and texture of the object to form the a ...
NAlab07_AuditVest
... however, be held responsible for this information in the neuroanatomy lab.) As a group, the secondary auditory fibers, originating in the cochlear nuclei, are mostly crossed and ultimately terminate in the inferior colliculus (NTA Fig. 7-1). The decussation of the auditory fibers from the ventral co ...
... however, be held responsible for this information in the neuroanatomy lab.) As a group, the secondary auditory fibers, originating in the cochlear nuclei, are mostly crossed and ultimately terminate in the inferior colliculus (NTA Fig. 7-1). The decussation of the auditory fibers from the ventral co ...
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional
... however, be held responsible for this information in the neuroanatomy lab.) As a group, the secondary auditory fibers, originating in the cochlear nuclei, are mostly crossed and ultimately terminate in the inferior colliculus (NTA Fig. 7-1). The decussation of the auditory fibers from the ventral co ...
... however, be held responsible for this information in the neuroanatomy lab.) As a group, the secondary auditory fibers, originating in the cochlear nuclei, are mostly crossed and ultimately terminate in the inferior colliculus (NTA Fig. 7-1). The decussation of the auditory fibers from the ventral co ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... SN are the striatum and the globus pallidus [1,4,16,18,26,32,36–39,41,42,45,48]. The striatonigral and pallidonigral projection neurons have been demonstrated to contain GABA [18,19,26,36,37,45] and substance P [4,15,40] and they exert a very powerful control over the output neurons of the substanti ...
... SN are the striatum and the globus pallidus [1,4,16,18,26,32,36–39,41,42,45,48]. The striatonigral and pallidonigral projection neurons have been demonstrated to contain GABA [18,19,26,36,37,45] and substance P [4,15,40] and they exert a very powerful control over the output neurons of the substanti ...
... how pleasurable the experience of eating was. As nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). expected, different foods produce different levels of dopamine release, leading to different levels of pleasure from a meal. Typically, food that is high in sugars and fats are deemed more ...
The neuronal structure of the globus pallidus in the rabbit — Nissl
... a transmitter. A smaller and separate population of pallidal projection neurons contained acetylocholine. Two other less frequent neuronal types were small and medium-sized. Park et al. [28], during an intracellular HRP study in the rat, recognised two subtypes of the large pallidal neurons. The lar ...
... a transmitter. A smaller and separate population of pallidal projection neurons contained acetylocholine. Two other less frequent neuronal types were small and medium-sized. Park et al. [28], during an intracellular HRP study in the rat, recognised two subtypes of the large pallidal neurons. The lar ...
Introduction
... • The Hippocampus is located in the depth of the temporal lobe; on coronal sections, its shape resembles that of a sea horse, and this is where it derives its name from • The Hippocampus consists of the following sub-structures: Dentate gyrus, Hippocampus proper (Amon’s horn), Subiculum and Entorhin ...
... • The Hippocampus is located in the depth of the temporal lobe; on coronal sections, its shape resembles that of a sea horse, and this is where it derives its name from • The Hippocampus consists of the following sub-structures: Dentate gyrus, Hippocampus proper (Amon’s horn), Subiculum and Entorhin ...
Surgical Planning Laboratory
... • The Hippocampus is located in the depth of the temporal lobe; on coronal sections, its shape resembles that of a sea horse, and this is where it derives its name from • The Hippocampus consists of the following sub-structures: Dentate gyrus, Hippocampus proper (Amon’s horn), Subiculum and Entorhin ...
... • The Hippocampus is located in the depth of the temporal lobe; on coronal sections, its shape resembles that of a sea horse, and this is where it derives its name from • The Hippocampus consists of the following sub-structures: Dentate gyrus, Hippocampus proper (Amon’s horn), Subiculum and Entorhin ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... However, little progress has been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms by which the motor system is activated in such elicited behaviors. A major reason for the neglect of this important problem has been the absence of relevant anatomical evidence. A consequence of neglecting this problem is th ...
... However, little progress has been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms by which the motor system is activated in such elicited behaviors. A major reason for the neglect of this important problem has been the absence of relevant anatomical evidence. A consequence of neglecting this problem is th ...
Протокол
... correct errors in movement. Errors are detected by comparing movement commands from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, tim ...
... correct errors in movement. Errors are detected by comparing movement commands from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, tim ...
Hypothalamus
... • Pallidothalamic fibers (fasciculus lenticularis, Ansa lenticularis & thalamic fascicle) • Subthalamic nucleus ...
... • Pallidothalamic fibers (fasciculus lenticularis, Ansa lenticularis & thalamic fascicle) • Subthalamic nucleus ...
University of Groningen Ascending projections from spinal
... of neurons project from the spinal cord to the thalamus. The location of these clusters showed remarkable similarities to the location of spino-PAG neurons, which had been described by Mouton and Holstege (2000). Although the similarities between the location of spinothalamic clusters and spino-PAG ...
... of neurons project from the spinal cord to the thalamus. The location of these clusters showed remarkable similarities to the location of spino-PAG neurons, which had been described by Mouton and Holstege (2000). Although the similarities between the location of spinothalamic clusters and spino-PAG ...
Brainstem: Midbrain - nikolai.lazarov.pro
... part of the basal ganglia subdivisions – two entirely different parts: pars compacta: compacta dorsal cell-rich zone of numerous medium-sized neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons ...
... part of the basal ganglia subdivisions – two entirely different parts: pars compacta: compacta dorsal cell-rich zone of numerous medium-sized neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... Axons exit the sympathetic trunk ganglia by one of four pathways. These pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk ...
... Axons exit the sympathetic trunk ganglia by one of four pathways. These pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... prominent episode approximately every 25 hours. On day 37 (arrow) the suprachiasmatic nucleus was destroyed bilaterally, and the wheel running subsequently became almost random. B, Entrainment of circadian rhythms by environmental cues. These are the sleep records of a 22-year-old man living in a la ...
... prominent episode approximately every 25 hours. On day 37 (arrow) the suprachiasmatic nucleus was destroyed bilaterally, and the wheel running subsequently became almost random. B, Entrainment of circadian rhythms by environmental cues. These are the sleep records of a 22-year-old man living in a la ...
The Red Nucleus: Past, Present, and Future
... locomotion in the air or on the ground [1]. Locomotion using limbs led to a dedicated descending pathway by which the central nervous system (CNS) could initiate movement. Examination of the red nucleus’ role in limb movement requires an understanding of the structure’s cytoarchitecture. The structu ...
... locomotion in the air or on the ground [1]. Locomotion using limbs led to a dedicated descending pathway by which the central nervous system (CNS) could initiate movement. Examination of the red nucleus’ role in limb movement requires an understanding of the structure’s cytoarchitecture. The structu ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
Extrastriatal and striatal D 2 dopamine receptor blockade with
... 1992). Whereas the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathways appear to be involved in extrapyramidal side-effects, models of the antipsychotic mechanism of action involve extrastriatal cerebral structures such as the meso-cortico-limbic pathways (Moore et al, al, 1999). Therefore, the D2 receptor blockad ...
... 1992). Whereas the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathways appear to be involved in extrapyramidal side-effects, models of the antipsychotic mechanism of action involve extrastriatal cerebral structures such as the meso-cortico-limbic pathways (Moore et al, al, 1999). Therefore, the D2 receptor blockad ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... readiness. Nevertheless, they consider that the “most important role of DA in incentive motivation is historical; it is the stamping-in of stimulus-reward association that has established incentive motivational value for previously neutral stimuli” (Wise 2004). The difference between the two perspec ...
... readiness. Nevertheless, they consider that the “most important role of DA in incentive motivation is historical; it is the stamping-in of stimulus-reward association that has established incentive motivational value for previously neutral stimuli” (Wise 2004). The difference between the two perspec ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.