Cliff - USD Biology
... ◦ Ventral Tegmental Area …and Substantia Nigra Phasic release Stimulated by ACh from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmenta = PPT & LDT Stimulated by Glu from the Cortex Inhibited by GABA from NAc & Striatum ...
... ◦ Ventral Tegmental Area …and Substantia Nigra Phasic release Stimulated by ACh from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmenta = PPT & LDT Stimulated by Glu from the Cortex Inhibited by GABA from NAc & Striatum ...
Figure 15.9
... • Linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks • Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes • Fusion of ganglia fewer ganglia than spinal nerves ...
... • Linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks • Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes • Fusion of ganglia fewer ganglia than spinal nerves ...
Autonomic NS
... • Linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks • Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes • Fusion of ganglia fewer ganglia than spinal nerves ...
... • Linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks • Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes • Fusion of ganglia fewer ganglia than spinal nerves ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an
... the limbic system to the motor system (the “limbic/motor interface”) (Nauta and Domesick, 1978; Mogenson et al., 1980; Heimer et al., 1982; Kalivas et al., 1993). Nauta first proposed that dopamine plays a role in this limbic/motor interaction through the accumbal projection to the substantia nigra, ...
... the limbic system to the motor system (the “limbic/motor interface”) (Nauta and Domesick, 1978; Mogenson et al., 1980; Heimer et al., 1982; Kalivas et al., 1993). Nauta first proposed that dopamine plays a role in this limbic/motor interaction through the accumbal projection to the substantia nigra, ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... Ventral nucleus or pars ventralis is wedged between entering branches of the optic tract and receives small diameter optic tract fibers. Some authorities also recognize the ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) pregeniculate nucleus. The afferent connections to the LGB: mostly optic tract neuron ...
... Ventral nucleus or pars ventralis is wedged between entering branches of the optic tract and receives small diameter optic tract fibers. Some authorities also recognize the ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) pregeniculate nucleus. The afferent connections to the LGB: mostly optic tract neuron ...
Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
... Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (CN X) Postganglionic Efferent Fibers (Efferent fibers to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle) All postganglionic efferent nerve fibers arise from nerve cell bodies located in autonomic ganglia. They terminate on smooth muscle cells, glands, or cardiac muscle ...
... Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (CN X) Postganglionic Efferent Fibers (Efferent fibers to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle) All postganglionic efferent nerve fibers arise from nerve cell bodies located in autonomic ganglia. They terminate on smooth muscle cells, glands, or cardiac muscle ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... by Simonsen, Gilroy, Calif. were killed by decapitation and the brains quickly removed. The substantia nigra was dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the med ...
... by Simonsen, Gilroy, Calif. were killed by decapitation and the brains quickly removed. The substantia nigra was dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the med ...
The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and
... striatum) recorded in freely moving rats were found to be differentially activated by natural reward (water and food) versus cocaine reinforcement26,27. In addition, the activity of ventral striatal neurons was notably different for cocaine and juice reward in monkeys performing a reaction-time task ...
... striatum) recorded in freely moving rats were found to be differentially activated by natural reward (water and food) versus cocaine reinforcement26,27. In addition, the activity of ventral striatal neurons was notably different for cocaine and juice reward in monkeys performing a reaction-time task ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... the SN/VTA and striatum is to allow interfacing limbic, goal-directed and motorrelated information by anatomically integrating information across limbic, cogni tive and motor circuits in striato-nigro-striatal (SNS) pathways (Haber et al. 2000). This is thought to be accomplished by striatal input ...
... the SN/VTA and striatum is to allow interfacing limbic, goal-directed and motorrelated information by anatomically integrating information across limbic, cogni tive and motor circuits in striato-nigro-striatal (SNS) pathways (Haber et al. 2000). This is thought to be accomplished by striatal input ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... hippocampus, and along with the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, is considered to be an integral part of the hippocampal formation. It has been traditionally viewed as an output structure for the hippocampal formation, as its major efferents include numerous cortical and subcortical regions (descr ...
... hippocampus, and along with the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, is considered to be an integral part of the hippocampal formation. It has been traditionally viewed as an output structure for the hippocampal formation, as its major efferents include numerous cortical and subcortical regions (descr ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... activities that reflect the preparation for intended actions (in Actor) select the actions that maximize reward predictions. The model evaluates the expected values of future actions, without necessarily executing them, in order to select the action with the optimal predicted outcome. The model sele ...
... activities that reflect the preparation for intended actions (in Actor) select the actions that maximize reward predictions. The model evaluates the expected values of future actions, without necessarily executing them, in order to select the action with the optimal predicted outcome. The model sele ...
File - BINZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
... α-motor neuron: larger multipolar neuron, innervates extrafusal fibers of skeletal m., producing contraction of m. γ-motor neuron: smaller neuron, innervates intrafusal fibers regulating muscular tonus Renshaw’s cell: negative feedback mechanism ...
... α-motor neuron: larger multipolar neuron, innervates extrafusal fibers of skeletal m., producing contraction of m. γ-motor neuron: smaller neuron, innervates intrafusal fibers regulating muscular tonus Renshaw’s cell: negative feedback mechanism ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... and work in slice preparations demonstrating DA-dependent synaptic plasticity in the striatum [28,30,32,157]. Today, available data help to shed light on the nature of input–output connectivity in the striatum, and the types of information likely transmitted by cortical inputs to striatal output cel ...
... and work in slice preparations demonstrating DA-dependent synaptic plasticity in the striatum [28,30,32,157]. Today, available data help to shed light on the nature of input–output connectivity in the striatum, and the types of information likely transmitted by cortical inputs to striatal output cel ...
View/Open
... the co-ordination of the reflex stimulus with its appropriate response was recognized by some of the earlier Alexandrian surgeons such as Herophilus (300 B.C.). ...
... the co-ordination of the reflex stimulus with its appropriate response was recognized by some of the earlier Alexandrian surgeons such as Herophilus (300 B.C.). ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... The projections of dopamine neurons In addition to innervation of the striatum, dopamine neurons innervate other regions of the basal ganglia Loss of dopamine at the level of the GP and/or the STN may account for some of the changes in Parkinson’s disease Degree of collateralization of individual n ...
... The projections of dopamine neurons In addition to innervation of the striatum, dopamine neurons innervate other regions of the basal ganglia Loss of dopamine at the level of the GP and/or the STN may account for some of the changes in Parkinson’s disease Degree of collateralization of individual n ...
f729d19364fe6b8
... side. It is formed by the axons of the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve which cross the midline & ascend lateral to the medial Lemniscus (2nd order neuron in this pathway). Trigeminal lemniscus terminates in PMVNT of thalamus. 4- Medial lemniscus: (the most medial of the 4 lemnisci) carrying prop ...
... side. It is formed by the axons of the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve which cross the midline & ascend lateral to the medial Lemniscus (2nd order neuron in this pathway). Trigeminal lemniscus terminates in PMVNT of thalamus. 4- Medial lemniscus: (the most medial of the 4 lemnisci) carrying prop ...
... Hikosaka, 1997). Dopamine’s role in these behaviors appears to be as modulator between two behavioral extremes. When dopaminergic activity is high, behavior is focused, and in extremes, stereotypic. When dopaminergic activity is low, behavior is unfocused and fails to persist. This systematic relati ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
... TASK; TREK; TRAAK; TWIK levels in the CNS (see Discussion). The physiological similarity of these channels and their rather nondescript properties are suggestive of an invariant background role in cellular function. However, these channels appear to represent important loci for modulation of neurona ...
... TASK; TREK; TRAAK; TWIK levels in the CNS (see Discussion). The physiological similarity of these channels and their rather nondescript properties are suggestive of an invariant background role in cellular function. However, these channels appear to represent important loci for modulation of neurona ...
... cortices partially overlapped, projections showed a general topography. The posterior part of the nucleus basalis projected preferentially to lateral prefrontal areas while its rostrally adjacent sectors projected to medial and orbitofrontal cortices. The diagonal band nuclei projected to orbitofron ...
06-pons + midbrain
... part of midbrain tegmentum. -It contains subdivision part, the pars compacta, which consists of pigmented, melanin-containing neurones that synthesise dopamine as their transmitter. -It projects to caudate nucleus + putamen of basal ganglia in the forebrain. -It has extra-pyramidal motor function, c ...
... part of midbrain tegmentum. -It contains subdivision part, the pars compacta, which consists of pigmented, melanin-containing neurones that synthesise dopamine as their transmitter. -It projects to caudate nucleus + putamen of basal ganglia in the forebrain. -It has extra-pyramidal motor function, c ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... most dorsal portion of the central sulcus. The wall of the left hemisphere was then retracted and a 5-10-mm portion of the corpus callosum was split longitudinally to expose the thalamic midline (massa intermedia). The coordinates for the injections were determined from the positions of the third ve ...
... most dorsal portion of the central sulcus. The wall of the left hemisphere was then retracted and a 5-10-mm portion of the corpus callosum was split longitudinally to expose the thalamic midline (massa intermedia). The coordinates for the injections were determined from the positions of the third ve ...
CHAPTER 2
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.