PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... TAN, and low-threshold spike (LTS)] and spike waveform (for putative FS cells) as described previously (Goldberg et al. 2010; Goldberg and Fee 2010). For each neuron, the spike width was calculated as the half-width of the average of 50 spike waveform examples. Units with spike widths less than 0.06 ...
... TAN, and low-threshold spike (LTS)] and spike waveform (for putative FS cells) as described previously (Goldberg et al. 2010; Goldberg and Fee 2010). For each neuron, the spike width was calculated as the half-width of the average of 50 spike waveform examples. Units with spike widths less than 0.06 ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... difference in staining intensity among animals. All pictures were captured within the same session in order to avoid any difference in any differences in lighting conditions. In each section, the entire left and right substantia nigra pars compacta were analysed, whereas for the striatum evaluation, ...
... difference in staining intensity among animals. All pictures were captured within the same session in order to avoid any difference in any differences in lighting conditions. In each section, the entire left and right substantia nigra pars compacta were analysed, whereas for the striatum evaluation, ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Bischoff_Thesis_notes
... #is this true? or does the activity stay the same and just the prefrontal-striatal connection weights are increased. it doesn't seem to me that this would affect activity in the prefrontal cortex unless there were recipocal connections from the basal ganglia (which i believe there are, however I d ...
... #is this true? or does the activity stay the same and just the prefrontal-striatal connection weights are increased. it doesn't seem to me that this would affect activity in the prefrontal cortex unless there were recipocal connections from the basal ganglia (which i believe there are, however I d ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... Amalric, 1996). In order to measure the effects of intra-EP bilateral infusions of AP-5 in a rat model of early parkinsonism, we have used the same SRT task allowing a subtle measure of reac tion time (RT) (see Fig. 2). In this task, the rats are trained to press a lever down and sustain their paw ...
... Amalric, 1996). In order to measure the effects of intra-EP bilateral infusions of AP-5 in a rat model of early parkinsonism, we have used the same SRT task allowing a subtle measure of reac tion time (RT) (see Fig. 2). In this task, the rats are trained to press a lever down and sustain their paw ...
Evaluation of the Substantia Nigra in Patients with Parkinsonian
... of a hyperintense band of tissue on T2-weighted images between the dark region corresponding to the red nucleus and the more ventrally lying dark area of the pars reticularis (12–14). Rutledge et al (7) described a restoration of signal in the dorsal lateral substantia nigra, which may be caused eit ...
... of a hyperintense band of tissue on T2-weighted images between the dark region corresponding to the red nucleus and the more ventrally lying dark area of the pars reticularis (12–14). Rutledge et al (7) described a restoration of signal in the dorsal lateral substantia nigra, which may be caused eit ...
The Limbic System
... system tie together the functions of all systems • The amygdaloid body (commonly refereed to as the amygdala) is the link between the cerebrum, various sensory systems and the limbic system • It plays a role in linking memories to emotions, regulating heart rate and the “fight or flight” response ...
... system tie together the functions of all systems • The amygdaloid body (commonly refereed to as the amygdala) is the link between the cerebrum, various sensory systems and the limbic system • It plays a role in linking memories to emotions, regulating heart rate and the “fight or flight” response ...
The Limbic System
... system tie together the functions of all systems • The amygdaloid body (commonly refereed to as the amygdala) is the link between the cerebrum, various sensory systems and the limbic system • It plays a role in linking memories to emotions, regulating heart rate and the “fight or flight” response ...
... system tie together the functions of all systems • The amygdaloid body (commonly refereed to as the amygdala) is the link between the cerebrum, various sensory systems and the limbic system • It plays a role in linking memories to emotions, regulating heart rate and the “fight or flight” response ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... to associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits, respectively; and (3) the mapping of actor and critic to the dorsal and ventral striatum, respectively. Challenges reviewed consist of several behavioral and neural findings that are at odds with standard reinforcement- ...
... to associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits, respectively; and (3) the mapping of actor and critic to the dorsal and ventral striatum, respectively. Challenges reviewed consist of several behavioral and neural findings that are at odds with standard reinforcement- ...
PDF
... the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and pinna position are used for processing acoustic information, perhaps in terms of orienting to a sound source (Young et ...
... the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and pinna position are used for processing acoustic information, perhaps in terms of orienting to a sound source (Young et ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... Drugs. All glutamate receptor antagonists used in this study were purchased from Tocris Cookson (St. Louis, MO), including 6-cyano-7nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5), (S)-␣-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), and (3-(R)2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-pho ...
... Drugs. All glutamate receptor antagonists used in this study were purchased from Tocris Cookson (St. Louis, MO), including 6-cyano-7nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5), (S)-␣-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), and (3-(R)2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-pho ...
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... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
Effect of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity on Learning- Arc Efferent Neurons
... Wang et al., 2004). Previous work also has shown that such METH-induced monoamine depletions are associated with impaired cognitive function both in humans (Volkow et al., 2001) and rodents (Friedman et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2001; Belcher et al., 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the ...
... Wang et al., 2004). Previous work also has shown that such METH-induced monoamine depletions are associated with impaired cognitive function both in humans (Volkow et al., 2001) and rodents (Friedman et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2001; Belcher et al., 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the ...
the spatial control of ganglionic neurite growth by the substrate
... cell bodies occasionally attached to the substrate just at the location of the border so that a part of the cell body lay in direct contact with the pathway, while the rest of the cell lay on the untreated substrate. In such nerve cells (three observations), neurites emergedonly from that region of ...
... cell bodies occasionally attached to the substrate just at the location of the border so that a part of the cell body lay in direct contact with the pathway, while the rest of the cell lay on the untreated substrate. In such nerve cells (three observations), neurites emergedonly from that region of ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... recordings with microiontophoresis, a seven-barrel micropipette (12–15 m tip diameter) was glued alongside a recording electrode, as described previously (Akaoka et al., 1992). Four different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA ...
... recordings with microiontophoresis, a seven-barrel micropipette (12–15 m tip diameter) was glued alongside a recording electrode, as described previously (Akaoka et al., 1992). Four different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) are interconnected with the PPN (Saper and Loewy, 1982; Woolf and Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; ...
... The SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) are interconnected with the PPN (Saper and Loewy, 1982; Woolf and Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... not revealed it (Ebbesson, '69; Hayle, '73). Although the cells of origin are ipsilateral, it is likely that some of the primary afferents arise contralaterally. This direct spinotectal tract establishes one pathway by which somatosensory information reaches tectal units. It may not be the only rout ...
... not revealed it (Ebbesson, '69; Hayle, '73). Although the cells of origin are ipsilateral, it is likely that some of the primary afferents arise contralaterally. This direct spinotectal tract establishes one pathway by which somatosensory information reaches tectal units. It may not be the only rout ...
Basal Ganglia Outputs Map Instantaneous Position Coordinates
... length, arranged in a 4 ⫻ 4 configuration. All GABAergic neurons, showing the waveforms and interspike interval distribution. E, Plot of firing rate versus spike width. Neurons arrays were attached to an Omnetics connector with wider action potentials are excluded (other). and fixed to the skull wit ...
... length, arranged in a 4 ⫻ 4 configuration. All GABAergic neurons, showing the waveforms and interspike interval distribution. E, Plot of firing rate versus spike width. Neurons arrays were attached to an Omnetics connector with wider action potentials are excluded (other). and fixed to the skull wit ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... nigrostriatal system in dopamine-based learning and suggests that neurodegeneration of individual nigral neurons can affect multiple neurons in the striatum. Thus, these results would also contribute to understanding the clinicopathology of Parkinson’s disease and related syndromes. Key words: dopam ...
... nigrostriatal system in dopamine-based learning and suggests that neurodegeneration of individual nigral neurons can affect multiple neurons in the striatum. Thus, these results would also contribute to understanding the clinicopathology of Parkinson’s disease and related syndromes. Key words: dopam ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... paralimbic areas, especially the retrosplenial cortex of the posterior cingulate gyrus. These areas project to entorhinal cortex and to pre- and post-subiculum, and thereby to the hippocampus. Mitosis in the CNS that results in one post-mitotic cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The p ...
... paralimbic areas, especially the retrosplenial cortex of the posterior cingulate gyrus. These areas project to entorhinal cortex and to pre- and post-subiculum, and thereby to the hippocampus. Mitosis in the CNS that results in one post-mitotic cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The p ...
Brainstem
... iron compounds (receiving part) -- dorsal zona compacta contains melanin pigment (projecting part) --- cell loss in Parkinson’s disease - dendrites of neurons in the zona compacta arborize in the zona reticulata ...
... iron compounds (receiving part) -- dorsal zona compacta contains melanin pigment (projecting part) --- cell loss in Parkinson’s disease - dendrites of neurons in the zona compacta arborize in the zona reticulata ...
5404_c2
... nuclei (SCN), principally through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), where it synchronizes the activity of the circadian oscillator to exactly 24 h. Neuronal efferent pathways from the SCN directly distribute circadian information to different brain areas, including the pineal gland, that generates ...
... nuclei (SCN), principally through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), where it synchronizes the activity of the circadian oscillator to exactly 24 h. Neuronal efferent pathways from the SCN directly distribute circadian information to different brain areas, including the pineal gland, that generates ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or ""habits"" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion.The main components of the basal ganglia – as defined functionally – are the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It is important to note, however, that the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus may be considered anatomically distinct from the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus. Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The pallidum receives input from the striatum, and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor-related areas. The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.Currently, popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection; that is, it helps determine the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time. In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The ""behavior switching"" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, which include: disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome, hemiballismus, and obsessive–compulsive disorder; dystonia; psychostimulant addiction; and movement disorders, the most notable of which are Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum. The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning, particularly a pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine. A number of highly addictive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal. There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia.