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Unit XVI: Regulation Control and Coordination of the organism using nervous and endocrine systems Control and Coordination of responses to stimuli Response is a reaction Stimulus is any change in the environment that causes a response A. Nervous Regulation Impulse Animation 1. Neuron a) Specialized cell used to carry impulses b) Impulse = electrochemical message travels from cell body to terminal branches c) Parts of the Neuron: - Cell body – contains all the normal cell parts nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, ER, cytoplasm, etc. - Dendrites – receptors on the cell body, receive impulses, used to pick up stimuli - Axon – long fiber that extends from the cell body, carries the impulse - Schwann’s Cells produce a Myelin sheath – layers of a white fatty substance acts as insulation and helps the impulse travel faster - Terminal branches and Synaptic Knobs – carry impulse to the next neuron or effector d) Synapse – space between two neurons - electrical impulse travels down the neuron from the cell body, axon, terminal branch, and the synaptic knob. - At the synaptic knob neurotransmitters are released. - Neurotransmitters are chemicals that travel across the synapse to the next neuron e) Types of Neurons - nerves are bundles of neurons 1 – Sensory Neurons – located in sense organs – receptors carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain 2 – Interneurons – located in the central nervous system interpret impulses 3 – Motor Neurons – located at effectors carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands What kind of neuron is this? 3. Adaptations for Regulation a) Regulation in Protists - Special proteins in membrane – receptors - receptors receive stimuli - Allow the single cell to respond to stimulus b) Regulation in Hydra - Nerve Net - no organized nervous center full body response c) Regulation in the Earthworm - Central Nervous System – brain and ventral nerve cord - ventral nerve cord has ganglia – bundles of interneurons - Peripheral Nervous System – nerve branches from the ventral nerve cord controls muscles, skin receptors d) Regulation in the Grasshopper - Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Ganglia - Highly developed sense organs Antenna, eye, hairs, taste buds 4. Human Nervous System a) Central Nervous System 1) Brain – interneurons - Cerebrum – larger in humans than other organisms - many convolutions – increase surface area - senses, motor, associative functions (memory thought, reasoning) - voluntary movement - Cerebellum - 2nd largest part of the brain - Balance, equilibrium, muscle tone - Smooth muscle movements - Medulla - connects to the spinal cord - controls involuntary actions – breathing, heartbeat, blood flow, coughing 2) Spinal Cord - connects the central and peripheral nervous systems - responsible for certain reflexes reflex = involuntary automatic response to a stimulus skips the brain b) Peripheral Nervous System nerves that extend from the spinal cord 1) Somatic Nervous System – voluntary control of certain muscles, sense organs, and skin 2) Autonomic Nervous System – usually deals with the involuntary control of the body 1 - Parasympathetic Nervous System 2 - Sympathetic Nervous System Opposite Functions 3) Sense Receptors 1 – Eye 2 – Ear 3 – Skin – heat, pressure, touch, pain, cold 4 – Taste – sour, bitter, sweet, salty 5 - Smell c) Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System 1) The Effects of Drugs - can permanently alter brain chemistry - Stimulants – speeds up the functions of the nervous system convulsions, heart attack, death ex: cocaine, amphetamines, crystal meth, caffeine, nicotine, ritalin - Depressants - slows down the functions of the nervous system depress breathing rate ex: alcohol, heroin, morphine, barbiturates - Hallucinogens - disrupt the function of the nervous system causing hallucinations see and feel things that are not there ex: marijuana, ecstasy, PCP, LSD, mesculine 2) Meningitis - inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord - severe head ache and stiff neck 3) Cerebral Palsy - birth disorder that effects the motor neurons 4) Polio - virus that destroys nerve tissue causing paralysis