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The Structure of the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System The Nervous System: Central Nervous System CNS Peripheral Nervous Systems PNS Central Nervous System (CNS): - brain - spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • The nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body • The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Autonomic Nervous System • Monitors the autonomic functions (breathing, blood pressure, digestion) • Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Sympathetic Nervous System: In charge of arousal responses such as “fight or flight” (helps us deal with perceived threats) Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body and brings it back to a relaxed state The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System HOW DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK? I. Neuron - The basic building block of the nervous system (a nerve cell) • Receive, Carry, and Pass information on to the next neuron Parts of the Neuron Dendrites • Receive information into the cell body. Soma - cell body of a neuron Nucleus: the organelle that is located in the center of the cell body of a neuron. Axon - takes information away from the cell body. Myelin Sheath: Fatty material that surrounds some axons •its purpose is to protect the axon and speed processing. Axon Terminal: the end of the neuron, it releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft Neurons Neuron Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse 1. Action Potential • A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron. 2. Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that are released into the synapse. a. Examples: Acetylcholine (movement), Serotonin (mood) b. Are also found in psychiatric medications and other substances • Antagonists: block neurotransmitters if you have too much (ex: People with Schizophrenia have 6x the proper level of dopamine!) • Agonists: mimic neurotransmitters when you don’t have enough (ex: Depression is caused by low levels of serotonin.) 3. Synapse: A space or “junction” between two neurons • The gap where neurotransmitters are released by one neuron and absorbed by the next neuron Neurotransmitters How Do Neurons Communicate? • First, neurotransmitters are received by the dendrites. • Then, the information is processed by the soma. • Next, an action potential occurs, sending information down the axon. • Finally, neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal for the next neuron to absorb. C. Types of Neurons • Sensory - carry information to the central nervous system from the sensory organs (eye, ear, skin, etc.) • Motor - carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain