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The Nervous System 21.1 MINI MASUESSE DEMO I. Functions A. Detect Stimuli 1. Stimulus- A change in the environment that causes a response a. Temperature, light, taste, touch, vision, sound, etc I. Functions B. Maintain Homeostasis 1. Keeps internal conditions steady by detecting and responding appropriately to stimuli II. Nerve Cell Structure A. Neurons- Basic functioning unit (“Nerve Cell”) B. 3 Parts of a Neuron 1. Dendrites- Receive impulses from other neurons and send them to the cell body II. Nerve Cell Structure 2. Cell body (“Soma”) interprets the impulse, and sends it to the Axon. 3. Axon carries impulses away from cell body and to the next neuron or cell. III. Types of Neurons A. Sensory Neurons collect information about suroundings and send it to the brain and/or spinal cord. 1. Senses temperature, pressure, pain, taste, etc. III. Types of Neurons B. Interneurons send impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons 1. Act as connectors 2. Located in the brain and spinal cord III. Types of Neurons C. Motor neurons receive impulses from the interneurons and cause the tissues of the body to respond. 1. Ex: Muscles contract, glands release hormones, etc Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron III. Types of Neurons D. Synaptic Gap- The gap in between neurons that the impulse must cross to relay the message. 1. Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released across the gap and picked up by the next neuron 2. Spray bottle demo IV. Central Nervous System A. Consists of brain and spinal cord B. The Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Stem IV. Central Nervous System C. The Cerebrum 1. The “thinker” a. The more pathways the quicker information is processed—Thank you school! 2. Memory storage 3. Interpreting senses IV. Central Nervous System D. Cerebellum 1. Coordinates muscle movement & balance 2. Injury to cerebellum causes paralysis or jerky movements IV. Central Nervous System E. Brain Stem 1. Acts as a bridge between the brain and spinal cord 2. Coordinates involuntary activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, sneezing and vomitting IV. Central Nervous System F. Spinal Cord 1. Bundles of neurons that carries impulses to and from all parts of the body. 2. Routine tasks are handled by the spinal cord. IV. Central Nervous System 3. Reflex- An involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus a.Controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain. b. Speedy response protects the body V. Peripheral Nervous System 1. Consists of all the other neurons outside the brain and spinal cord 2. Two Major Divisions a. Somatic b. Autonomic V. Peripheral Nervous System 3. Somatic System a. Controls voluntary actions b. Ex: writing your name 4. Autonomic a. Controls involuntary actions b. Ex: heart rate, digestion, etc VI. Affect of Drugs A. Many drugs directly affect the nervous system 1. Alcohol is absorbed into the blood quickly and causes neurons to operate slower. It is classified as a depressant. VI. Affect of Drugs 2. Heavy alcohol use destroys non-repairable brain cells and liver cells VI. Affect of Drugs 3. Caffeine is a stimulant that causes neurons to fire more rapidly. This increases heart rate, causes restlessness and insomnia. Also increases urine production. VI. Affect of Drugs 4. All drugs make it more difficult for the body to maintain homeostasis!