* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biology and Psychology - Austin Community College
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy of memory wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Biology and Psychology Examine the effects of our physiological states on our thinking and behavior. Biology and Psychology Internet Listening & Viewing: Radio Lab (www.wnyc.org) Season One: “Who Am I?” & “Emergence” Season Three: “Sleep” Youtube: “Pinky & the Brain” (seriously!) Learning Objectives: Evolutionary Psychology Neurons, Neurotransmitters The Nervous Systems Brain, including the Cerebral Cortex Endocrine System Evolutionary Psychology “The Struggle For Existence” Intention versus Instinct Adaptation and Natural Selection connected with behavior and mental processes. Charles Darwin: Heredity, Genes, & Chromosomes Monozygotic Twins (MZ) 1 zygote = identical twins Dizygotic Twins (DZ) 2 zygotes = fraternal twins Nature (heredity) and Nurture (environment) Science and Religion Neurons A single nerve cell. “building blocks of the nervous system” Born with 100+ billion (brain) transmit hundreds of messages /second Neural impulse electrochemical discharge Neurons: 2 Types Sensory (Afferent) from sensory receptors to brain/spinal cord Motor (Efferent) from brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands SENSORY (Afferent) NEURONS NEUROTRANSMITTERS SYNAPSE (junction) PRE-SYNAPTIC POST-SYNAPTIC CELL BODY (SOMA) AXON Axon Hillock DENDRITES Axon Terminals MOTOR (Efferent) NEURON Synapse (junction) NEUROTRANSMITTERS PRE-SYNAPTIC DENDRITES POST-SYNAPTIC Axon Hillock Myelin Sheath AXON CELL BODY (SOMA) Nodes of Ranvier AXON TERMINALS Neurons: Important Parts Cell Body (Soma) (stores energy) Axon (transmits impulses) up to 3’ long the bigger, the more vulnerable Dendrites (receives messages) “ears”, rootlike structures Neurons: Important Parts Myelin Sheath (fat-like casing) Axon Hillock (amplifier, relay) Axon Terminal connects axon to new dendrite Synapse (junction) Neurons: Important Parts Glial Cells support, guide and help repair the neuron produce myelin nourish & insulate neuron direct growth, remove waste How Neurons “Fire” 2 States: Resting & Action “nervous irritability” - electrical stimulation excitatory or inhibitory abnormal firing Neural Communication Messages enter through the dendrites and travel along the axon. Sent from axon terminals to muscles, glands, and other neurons. Neurotransmitters are released in Synaptic Cleft and taken up by next dendrite. Neurotransmitters Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses. Change electrical charges into chemical signals. Made from amino acids. Each sends many messages. Acetylcholine (Ach) Voluntary movements (muscle), learning, memory, & sleep. PNS: activates muscles, slows ParaSymp Brain: breathing, attention, arousal, motivation Botox, Food Poisoning, Perspiration, Strokes Noradrenaline Derived from Dopamine. Brainstem, heartbeat, arousal (alertness), eating, mood disorders. Too much - Schizophrenia, Too little - Depression. Role in smoking & hunger. Dopamine “Euphoria” (amine group) Voluntary movements, learning, memory, attention. little - Parkinson’s (L-Dopa) Too much - Schizophrenia, Dopamine Hypothesis – New research indicates the role of Glutamate may more important. Too Endorphins Endogenous Morphines “pleasure” Pain messages in the brain. Hot peppers (capsaicin) Runner’s High Role in physical trauma. Serotonin Emotional arousal (anxiety [esp. OCD] & mood disorders) Sleep, appetite, impulse and aggressive behaviors. All hallucinogens simulate Serotonin. Serotonin Depression Treatments (too little) “SSRI” Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac: Increase the availability (effects) of Serotonin. “MAOI” (monoamine oxydase Inhibitors) Inhibit the effects of Serotonin. Effects of Ecstacy and Cocaine. The Nervous System 2 main divisions: Peripheral: software Central: hardware/cpu Peripheral Nervous System Consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages to and from CNS. Without it, we’d be isolated from the world. 2 Main Divisions: Somatic (sensory) connects CNS with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, & surface of the body. Autonomic Autonomic Nervous System Regulates glands, muscles of internal organs, and activities including: Heartbeat, respiration, dilation, & digestion. Has two branches: “Accelerator” / “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic: “Brake” - deep breaths Sympathetic: Central Nervous System Spinal Cord “information superhighway” Column of nerves within spine. All messages travel through this structure. Brain Brain 2 Hemispheres connected by corpus callosum, and contains no nerve endings. Weighs approx. 3 lbs., 85% water Uses approx. 20% of body’s energy Development continues to age 20 Historical views: Ancient Greeks & Chinese, Egyptians Middle Kingdom Brain 3 Parts: Hindbrain (oldest) Vital bodily functioning Midbrain coordinating sensory functioning Forebrain (newest) largest. houses Cerebral Cortex Hindbrain Where spinal cord meets brain 3 Structures: Medulla Pons Cerebellum (“little brain”) BRAIN STRUCTURES MIDBRAIN & HINDBRAIN corpus callosum MIDBRAIN Consciousness Plays a role in vision & audition, coordinates basic movements with sensory information, vital to attention sleep & arousal. 1.Tegmentum motor movement HINDBRAIN Vital bodily functioning “reptilian brain”-these structures are equal the entire reptile’s brain. 2. Tectum visual/auditory cells Governs whole body movements in response to light & sound. 1. Cerebellum (little brain)-maintains balance/ coordination motor movement, impacts sensory info, virtually unchanged throughout evolution. Birds/Lower animals these structures are their visual & auditory brains. 2. Reticular Formation (netlike) finger shaped, important in control of arousal, sleep & wake cycles for alertness. 3. Pons (bulge, “bridge”) helps control eye & facial expressions, attention, respiration, sleeping & dreaming, alertness. 4. Medulla (continuation of spine) regulates heartbeat, digestion, blood pressure, respiration. Midbrain Coordinates basic movements with sensory information. Houses Reticular Activation System (RAS) - aids in control of arousal, sleep and wake cycles for alertness. Alcohol lowers activity of RAS. Forebrain Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, & Cerebrum. Cerebral Cortex “Brain” thought & language 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes 1. Thalamus (“chamber/inner room”, egg shaped). “Communication center for the senses”, Brain’s sensory switchboard, relays sensory information to cerebral cortex, aids in perception. 2. Hypothalamus (also part of the Endocrine system / Controls Endocrine & ANS) Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, aggression, some motivation & emotion. The 4 “F’s”: Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, & Fornication 3. Basal Ganglia postural movements, limb coordination. BRAIN STRUCTURES FOREBRAIN corpus callosum 5. Cerebrum “crowning glory of the brain” Only in humans is it such a large part of the brain. Cognitive abilities of thinking and language, connected by the corpus callosum, houses the cerebral cortex. 4. Limbic System (emotional/smell brain) A system of checks and balances. Memory, motivation & emotion [laughter, love, rage, lust & fear]. Located on the inner edge of cerebrum. LIMBIC SYSTEM STRUCTURES: a. Hippocampus (“seahorse”) memory b. Amygdala (“almond”) fear, aggression, learning & memory c. Olfactory Bulb — olfaction CEREBRAL CORTEX OVERVIEW Total surface area is approximately 324 sq. inches. (full page of a newspaper) 1/8” thick covering of the cerebrum (tangles of a xons and dendrites) There are four lobes (covers both hemispheres) Cortex = bark (tree) FRONTAL TEMPORAL PARIETAL OCCIPITAL CEREBRAL CORTEX FRONTAL LOBE Reasoning planning parts of speech movement (motor cortex) Humans have very large frontal lobes. PARIETAL LOBE Some language perception Central Fissure [touch, pressure, pain] Prefrontal Cortex Problem solving complex thought Creation of expectation emotions OCCIPITAL LOBE Vision Visual Cortex Broca’s Area [Part of the Frontal lobe] [Left hemisphere only] Speech production & articulation Lateral Fissure TEMPORAL LOBE Audition Detection of simple visual stimuli Reading music Wernicke’s Area [Part of the Temporal lobe] [Left hemisphere only] Language comprehension Pheromones 1959 “Carrier of excitement” Odors, sweat Humans not really sensitive, but animals are. Vomeronasal organ (VNO) Wellesley Effect (M. McClintock) Aphasia Impaired ability to comprehend or express oneself through language. Broca’s Aphasia (left hemisphere) Wernicke’s Aphasia (left hemisphere) Endocrine System Behavioral Effects, ductless glands feedback circle (steady states) regulated by hypothalamus hormones (slow) secreted into bloodstream horman (Greek) “to stimulate, excite” Endocrine Structures Hypothalamus “master of the master gland” influences Pituitary gland only Pituitary Gland central to the body’s functioning regulates other glands via hormones Thyroid Gland body’s accelerator effects metabolism (weight) Endocrine Structures Pineal gland melatonin: sleep-wake cycle Pancreas: blood / sugar level Adrenal Glands involved in stress, fear, & anxiety regulated by Pituitary Gland Testes & Ovaries menstrual cycle