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Biological Basis of Behavior So our brain chemistry and make-up is responsible for our behavior? Ways to study the brain CT Scans MRI Scans - radio waves are used to create brain images MRI Pet Scans - Injecting radiation into the bloodstream to identify where the activity is In the brain PET Scan of the Brain The Nervous System I. The Neuron - structural and functional unit of the nervous system Three Parts of the Neuron Dendrite, Cell body, Axon The Parts of the Neuron 1. Dendrites - receive incoming messages to the nerve cell - resemble tree branches Cell Body - contains nucleus Axon -- conducts impulses away from the nerve cell to other neurons Axon continued -Myelin Sheath -fatty material that covers the axon and insulates it which increases conduction speed Axon continued Nodes of ranvier -spaces between the myelin sheath where information can become depolarized ( get lost) Terminal Buttons (end bulb) - holds chemicals which communicate with other neurons by firing information across the synapse to the next cell body, organ or muscle Synapse - a very small space in between the end bulb and it’s adjacent cell , organ or muscle a. Transmitters - a chemical messenger between cells/neurons Examples of neurotransmittersseratonin, GABA, dopamine - excitatory - chemical locks open and neurons are turned on - inhibitory - chemical locks are closed and neurons turn off b. Receptors - special areas on the dendrite that function like a chemical lock • Seratonin is the brain chemical that is associated with moods, concentration and attention Thinking about the information in the last slides, explain what happens in the brain with people who are depressed Central Nervous System • Made up of the Brain and the spine • Responsible for all things that involve thinking Brain • Made up of glial cells • - they support the neurons • neurons Spine Peripheral nervous system • Deals with functions outside of the brain and spine • Made up of nerves Somatic Nervous system • Controls voluntary activities Such as… • Afferent receptors- sensory • Efferent receptors- motor Autonomic Nervous system • Controls involuntary responses such as heart rate Sympathetic Nervous system Sympathetic - prepares the body for strenuous activity • - ex- speeds heart rate Parasympathetic - works to conserve energy in the body and return it to its normal state Types of Neurons a. Sensory or Afferent neurons - transmit messages from sensory receptors to the brain and spine a.Inter neurons - located entirely within the brain and spinal cord, intervene between sensory and motor neurons C. Motor or Efferent Neurons - transmit impulses from sensory or inter neurons to muscle cells that contract or gland cells that secrete (sends messages away from the brain) • Using information learned in class, explain what happens when you touch a hot stove Reflexes • Refelx arc- the passage of information through the neurons Testing reflexes • Planter • Patellar • Pupillary Find a partner! • Babinski reflex Major Regions of the Brain Mid Brain - forwards Information from the spine - Involves visual and auditory reflexes Midbrain continued • - contains the reticular formation which arouses the forebrain Hindbrain • Three major parts Pons Cerebellum Medulla Pons links spine and brain (bridge) - involved in facial expression and sleep - Medulla - regulates basic functions such as breathing and blood pressure Too much alcohol or depressants suppress functions of the medulla and can cause death Cerebellum - coordinates movements - necessary for balance, timed motor responses Forebrain Made up of the limbic system and the Cerebral cortex ( cerebrum) Cerebrum Surface area of the brain a. gyri- folds on surface of brain b. sulci- inward folds on brain(valleys) c. fissures- deep cavities in the brain The Hemispheres • The Corpus Callusom - connects the right and left hemisphere Right Hemisphere Function - creative, holistic, emotional, musical, creative, prefers to draw/handle things - controls - the left side of the body The left brain Left - function - sequential, logical, remembers names, timeoriented, mathematical, takes one thing at a time, language - controls the right side of the body • Pieces of the mind- man with 2 brains • www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfG wsAdS9Dc • http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=lfGwsAdS9Dc Frontal lobe - motor movement and cognitive functions such as decision making, moral behavior, appropriateness Frontal lobe continued - motor cortex (strip) back edge of frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements Frontal lobe continued - Broca's area combines sounds into words and words into sentences - damage causes Broca's aphasia which means… Parietal lobe - processing sensory information - Parietal lobe continued somatosensory cortex (strip) processes sensory info about touch, pain and temperature located at the front edge of the parietal lobe http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/ brain/ Temporal - hearing, understanding verbal and written material, speaking coherently - primary auditory cortex - transfers noises into vowels consonants and music into notes - auditory association area - transfers vowels, consonants and notes into music and words Temporal lobe continued - Wernick's area - speaking and understanding speech - damage causes… - Usually in the left hemisphere Temporal- green Occipital lobe - Processes visual information such as recognizing objects, animals and people - primary visual cortex - transfers electrical signals into light, line, colors and textures - visual association area - transfers info from the P.V.C. into meaningful objects such as shapes The limbic system the core of the forebrain 1. Thalamus - relays info to the cortex 2. Hypothalamus - regulates motivational behaviors such as eating, drinking - regulates body functions 3. Amygdala - activated by emotions, self preservation 4. Hippo campus - stores memory 5. Septum - rage and feelings of pleasure QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.