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Major Brain Structures and Functions Warning! • The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to specific behaviors • Most behavior involves neural activity in many brain parts • Here we are generalizing! The brain is not as simple as we will make it sound! The Brainstem: Oldest part of the brain; Present in all mammals; Hidden underneath cerebrum Brain Stem daf Your brainstem is also your crossover point: most nerves to and from each side of the brain connect with the body’s opposite side place where spinal cord begins to swell; life support center: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure “netlike”; runs from the spinal cord to the thalamus; arousal; alerts higher parts of the brain; neurons with serotonin and norepinephrine are found here (help us respond based on state of arousal) Pons: “bridge” between cerebral cortex and medulla; involved in coordination of movement, sleep, arousal, facial expressions Thalamus and Cerebellum Thalamus: 2 egg shaped structures; sensory switchboard; receives info from all senses (except smell) and routes them to higher brain regions; “gateway” to the cortex; also involved in sleep (helps us tune out during deep sleep) baseball sized; “little brain”; judgment of time, discrimination of sounds and textures; coordinates voluntary movement; balance; coordination; memories of skills; certain reflexes Why not smell? Smell is an “old” sense; It goes to the olfactory cortex and then the thalamus Midbrain: In between brain stem and limbic system smallest “region”; acts as a relay station for auditory and visual information; control of body movement; degeneration of dopamine neurons here causes Parkinson’s; one of the areas where pain is registered Limbic System: “border” between brain’s older and newer parts “below”; reward center: hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior; monitors blood chemistry; motivation; biological rhythms part of endocrine system; master gland; works with hypothalamus to secrete certain hormones lima bean sized; “almond”; influence fear and aggression; processing of emotional memories “sea horse: new memories; learning Cerebrum: Two Large Hemispheres; 85% of the brain’s weight • Cerebral Cortex: “bark”; thin layer of interconnected neural cells that cover the hemispheres; contains more than 300 trillion synapses • The more complex the animal, the larger the cerebral cortex • What’s underneath? Filled with the axons that connect the cortex to the brain’s other regions • Divided into lobes based upon fissures or folds • Brain’s two halves are connected by the corpus callosum (band of neural tissue that connects the two halves of the brain) Corpus Callosum What’s in the Cerebral Cortex? • Specialized cortexes control sensory functions (movement, sight, hearing, touch, etc) • Other areas are known as association areas – Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions – Involved in higher mental functioning (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, etc) Association Areas Frontal Lobes • Executive control center: coordinates messages from all of the lobes • Association Areas: judgment, planning, processing of new memories, personality • Cortex: Prefrontal cortex – goal directed behavior, control of impulses, metacognition (thinking about thinking), attention Motor Cortex • In the back of the frontal lobe – Arc –shaped from ear to ear (like a headband!) • Controls voluntary movements • Body areas that require precise control (fingers, mouth) take up more space in the motor cortex Parietal Lobes • Association Areas: mathematical and spatial reasoning (larger and unusually shaped in Einstein's brain) • Cortex: Sensory Cortex – front of parietal lobe; registers and processes touch, taste, pain, skin temperature (Somato)Sensory and Motor Cortex Temporal Lobes • Balance, equilibrium; right side allows us to recognize faces • Auditory cortex: processes auditory information Occipital Lobes • Visual Cortex: Processes visual information Language • Broca’s Area: controls language expression – Usually in the left frontal lobe – Directs muscle movement involved in speech • Wernicke’s Area: controls language reception – Usually in the left temporal lobe – Involved in language comprehension and expression – “Mother is always her working her work to get her better, but when she’s looking the two boys looking the other part. She’s working another time” • Aphasia: impairment of language Language Brain (Neural) Plasticity • The brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of damage • Severed neurons do not usually regenerate • Instead, the brain’s neural tissue can reorganize itself • One brain area can take on functions not normally “assigned” to that area • Brain’s are most plastic when we are young