* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Neurons & the Nervous System
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Edward Flatau wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Convolutional neural network wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neuroethology wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Types of artificial neural networks wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neural modeling fields wikipedia , lookup
Action potential wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Sparse distributed memory wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
The Nervous System The Nervous System the electrochemical (chemical reactions brought about by electricity) communication system of the body Neuron cells of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Neurons perform three basic tasks: receive information carry information pass information to the next neuron Neuron Development birth 3 months 2 years Parts of the Neuron Dendrites DETECT Parts of the Neuron Parts of the Neuron Parts of the Neuron Parts of the Neuron Dendrites DETECT Axons ANNOUNCE Neurons Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse Action Potential brief electrical charge that travels down the axon All-or-None Principle if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity doesn’t matter if there is a strong or weak stimulation Refractory Period “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential once complete the neuron can fire again Resting Potential neuron is at rest & capable of generating an action potential neuron is set and ready to fire How are the 3 phases of neuron communication like a toilet? Action potential – when you flush an “impulse” is sent down the sewer pipe Refractory period – delay after flushing when the toilet can not be flushed again Resting Potential – toilet “charged” when there is water in the tank and is capable of being flushed again All-or-none-principle – always flushes with the same intensity no matter how much force you apply to the handle Review Questions (think! don’t say the answer out loud…yet) 1. What are the three phases of communication within a neuron? 2. What is the all-or-none principle? Communication Between Neurons “How do messages travel from one neuron to the next?” Synapse neurons do not come into contact with each other Synapse - tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron Neurotransmitters chemical messengers travel across the synapse fit into receptor sites on the dendrite of the next neuron Neurotransmitters can stay only in receptor sites designed to fit their shape serve two functions: 1. 2. Excitatory Effect Inhibitory Effect Excitatory Effect makes it MORE likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential Inhibitory Effect makes it LESS likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential Neurotransmitters Review Questions (think! don’t say the answer out loud…yet) 1. How do messages travel from one neuron to the next? 2. How do neurotransmitters that have an excitatory effect impact neurotransmission? What about an inhibitory effect? Neurotransmission Simulation http://www.brainexplorer.org/neurolo gical_control/Neurological_Neurotran smission.shtml# The Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) brain & spinal cord brain: where most information processing takes place spinal cord: main pathway information follows as it enters & leaves the brain Spinal Cord Divisions of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) all the nerves that feed into & branch out from the brain & spinal cord Divisions of the Nervous System Somatic Nervous System contains: motor nerves controls: voluntary movements of skeletal muscles Divisions of the Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Controls: glands & muscles of the internal organs monitors the automatic functions (breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes) Divisions of the Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System controls: arousal fight-or-flight response prepares the body to deal with threats or challenges Divisions of the Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System controls: calming brings the body back to a relaxed state Divisions of the Nervous System