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Unique features of neurons, which distinguish them from other somatic cells by Balogh Olivér 1. Structure - having specialized projections that are used for networking and communication dendrites: neurons have multiple dendrites (which also can branch multiple times) that connect them to other neurons’ axons, the collections of them make the dendritic trees, most of the incoming information from other neurons go through the dendritic spines (small membranous protrusions from the dendrites) axon: one long (depends on the specie and the service site) cable-like projection that only branches at its destination, where it emerges (axon hillock) from the perikaryon it shows high density of voltage-dependent sodium channels as this is the place where the action potential starts and the axon itself carries the nerve signal away from the soma - supported by special cells and complex mesh of structural proteins glial cells: they live in structural and functional symbiosis with the neurons, supporting them through various ways, including physical protection and regulating the internal environment (of the brain for example) neurofilaments: the major component of the neural cytoskeleton, assembled into larger neurofibrils they provide structural support for the axon - well developed rough endoplasmatic reticulum system units can be found Nissl bodies: visible with basophilic staining in light microscopic preparation, these large granular bodies consist of RER and associated ribosomal RNA, their primary function is thought to be synthesis of proteins for intercellular use 2. Function - the nervous tissue (neurons + glial cells) is responsible for processing the incoming information from the environment also to regulate the basic functions of the body neurons are highly excitable cells, maintaining a -70mV resting potential (due to the uneven ion distribution) which can be changed (through depolarization) to trigger an action potential that leads to the release of neurotransmitters as such, they are able to communicate by neurotransmission using chemical and electrical synapses 3. Life cycle - most of the neurons are incapable of self-division and are persist without replacement though studies showed that (in the human brain) for a minority of cells the neurogenesis is possible also possible for the axons to regrow if they are severed https://users.itk.ppke.hu/neurobiologia/LECTURES_2016-2017_SEMESTER_1/3.%20WEEK/1.%20HANDOUT/Neurob_7.pdf https://users.itk.ppke.hu/neurobiologia/LECTURES_2016-2017_SEMESTER_1/3.%20WEEK/1.%20HANDOUT/Neurob_8.pdf https://users.itk.ppke.hu/neurobiologia/LECTURES_2016-2017_SEMESTER_1/3.%20WEEK/1.%20HANDOUT/Neurob_9.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron#cite_note-r1-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissl_body https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia