* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nervous System
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Evoked potential wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Nervous System The master controlling and communicating system of the body 2.7 Diagram the general scheme of the nervous system. The Central Nervous System (CNS) • The Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of the Brain and the Spinal Cord. • The spinal cord carries messages from the body to the brain, where they are analyzed and interpreted. • Response messages are then passed from the brain through the spinal cord and to the rest of the body. • Both the brain and the spinal cord are encased in bone. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2.6 Explain the difference between sensory and motor neurons • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the neurons NOT Included in the brain and spinal cord. • Somatic Nervous System (part of PNS) – AFFERENT NEURONS - Peripheral Neurons collect information from the body and transmit it TOWARD the CNS (sensory) – EFFERENT NEURONS. - Peripheral Neurons transmit information AWAY from the CNS (motor) 2.8 Compare the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic system. Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division Pupils contract EYES Pupils dilate Increases SALVATION Decreases Dries SKIN Perspires Decreases RESPIRATION Increases Slows HEART Accelerates Activates DIGESTION Inhibits Decrease secretion of stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Secrete stress hormones Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System Figure 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.73 Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight” Response to unusual stimulus Takes over to increase activities Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Autonomic Functioning Parasympathetic – housekeeping activites Conserves energy Maintains daily necessary body functions Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24 Slide 7.69 2.5 Describe the general functions of the nervous system. 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived) responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce slower ( but long lasting) responses. 3. Nervous system has 3 major functions: 1. 2. 3. Sensory input – sensory or afferent neutron detect internal or external changes ( stimuli ) and send the message to the brain or spinal cord. Integration – interneurons in the brain or spinal cord process and interpret the message from the sensory neurons, and relay the message back to body parts. Motor output – motor or efferent neurons receive the message from interneuron and produce a response at the effector organ (a muscle or a gland). Nerve Tissue 1. Nerve tissue is composed of 2 main types of cells: – Neurons- nerve cells that are specialized to detect and react to stimuli, by generating and conducting nerve impulses. – Neuroglial cells- accessory cells for filling spaces and supporting neurons. 2. Microscopic anatomy of neurons – – All neurons have a cell body called soma which contains a nucleus, organelles, and a modified endoplasmic reticulum called Nissl body. Although there is DNA in the neuron, somehow DNA replication and mitosis do not occur, resulting in the neurons lack of ability to reproduce or regenerate. 2.3 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron. Neurons • Extensions of the soma form nerve such as dendrites which conduct nerve impulses toward the soma, and axon which conducts nerve impulses away from the soma (to another neuron, or to an effect or organ). • The number of dendrites ranges from 1 ( in unipolar and bipolar neurons) to thousands ( in multipolar neurons). • All neurons only contain 1 axon. • Longer axons are enclosed by a lipoprotein substance called myelin sheath produced by type of neuroglial cells called schwann cells. Classification of Neurons • Classification based on structure: – unipolar neuron - a single nerve fiber is extended from the soma, and it divides into a dendrite and an axon (sensory neurons that conduct reflexes or detect various stimuli). – bipolar neuron - a dendrite and an axon extend from the soma independently (sensory neurons involved in special senses such as vision, olfaction, and hearing). – multiple neuron - one axon and many dendrites extend from the soma (interneurons located inside the brain and spinal cord). 2.1 Classify neurons as afferent, efferent, or interneurons. • classification based on function: – sensory or afferent neuron: - conducts nerve impulses from the body to the brain or spinal cord. - endings of its dendrite may be modified to become nerve receptors. - usually unipolar in structure. – interneuron: - relays nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron . - located totally inside the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. - involved in the processing and integration in the nervous system. - usually multipolar in structure. – motor or efferent neuron: - conducts nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the effector organ (muscles or glands). usually multipolar in structure. - accelerator motor neurons cause an increase of activity in the effector organ; while inhibitory motor neurons cause a decrease of activity in the effector organ. 2.9 Diagram a reflex arc using the knee-jerk reflex as an example • Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus – Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs • Reflex arc—direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Spinal cord (in cross section) Sensory neuron Receptor Motor neuron (a) Effector Integration center Interneuron Figure 7.11a The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Receptor (a) Figure 7.11a, step 1 The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Sensory neuron Receptor (a) Figure 7.11a, step 2 The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Receptor (a) Spinal cord (in cross section) Sensory neuron Integration center Interneuron Figure 7.11a, step 3 The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Spinal cord (in cross section) Sensory neuron Receptor Motor neuron (a) Integration center Interneuron Figure 7.11a, step 4 The Reflex Arc Skin Stimulus at distal end of neuron Spinal cord (in cross section) Sensory neuron Receptor Motor neuron (a) Effector Integration center Interneuron Figure 7.11a, step 5 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Sensory (afferent) neuron Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron (b) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c) Figure 7.11b–c Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Spinal cord (b) Figure 7.11b, step 1 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord (b) Figure 7.11b, step 2 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b) Figure 7.11b, step 3 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Motor (efferent) neuron (b) Figure 7.11b, step 4 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b) Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Figure 7.11b, step 5 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord (c) Figure 7.11c, step 1 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 2 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Interneuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 3 Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 4a Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c) Figure 7.11c, step 4b Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Sensory (afferent) neuron Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron (b) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c) Figure 7.11b–c 2.1 Compare how a nerve impulse passes along a nonmyelinated neuron and myelinated neuron. 2.12 Describe the function of a named neurotransmitter The Architecture of the Brain The Forebrain • The forebrain is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain: it consists primarily of the cerebrum and the structures hidden beneath it • It is the source of intellectual activities. It holds your memories, allows you to plan, enables you to imagine and think. It allows you to recognize friends, read books, and play games. The Architecture of the Brain The Midbrain • The uppermost part of the brainstem is the midbrain, which controls some reflex actions and is part of the circuit involved in the control of eye movements and other voluntary movements. The Architecture of the Brain The Hindbrain • The hindbrain includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue called the cerebellum • The hindbrain controls the body’s vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. The cerebellum coordinates movement and is involved in learned rote movements 2.11 Categorize the regions of the adult brain and general function of each. Objective: Create matching cards with image on one card and function on the other Instructions: 1. Cut out pictures of brain 2. Color or highlight one of the areas of the brain 3. Paste the picture onto one piece of cardstock 4. Write the function of that area of the brain onto another piece of cardstock 5. Repeat with the other areas of the brain Parts of the Brain: 1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Reticular Activating System 4. Cerebellum 5. Thalamus 6. Hypothalamus 7. Pituitary Gland 8. Amygdala 9. Hippocampus 10. Occipital Lobe 11. Parietal Lobe 12. Temporal Lobe 13. Frontal Lobe