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Muscular
System
37. Unit 3 Notebook Check (glue/get signed)
38. Muscular System Vocabulary (21 words/definitions
and 10 pictures)
39. Muscle Diagrams (3; colors and labels)
40. Muscle Labeling Practice Worksheet
41. Muscle Anatomy Lecture
42. Muscle Crossword
43. Muscle Lab
44. Case Studies
45. Types of Body Movements
46. More About Muscles
47. Muscular System Test
48. Muscular System Portfolio Check TOMORROW
Nervous
System
48. Muscular System Portfolio Check GET SIGNED!
49. Nervous System Overview homework (stamped)
50. Intro to the Nervous System Lecture
51. Parts of the Nervous System (color, label, definitions)
52. Cells of the Nervous System (notes and color)
53. Neurons (notes and research)
54. Neuron Lab
55. The Brain (notes and color)
56. Nervous System Crossword
57. Sheep Dissection
58. Test 1
59. Diseases of the NS
60. Neurotransmitters
61. Nerve Impulse Lecture
62. Sensory Receptors
63. TedTalk
64. Notebook Check
• Releases message to
other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.
• Allows message to
jump from one
another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals
from other neurons.
• Controls cell
activity.
• Transmits message
from dendrites.
• Releases message to
other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.
• Allows message to
jump from one
another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals
from other neurons.
• Controls cell
activity.
• Transmits message
from dendrites.
• Releases message to
other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.
• Allows message to
jump from one
another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals
from other neurons.
• Controls cell
activity.
• Transmits message
from dendrites.
THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
●Sensory - gathers info
●Integrative - information is brought together
●Motor - responds to signals, homeostasis
Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS):
• brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS):
• nerves of the body
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• two subdivisions:
Figure 12.2
Somatic Nervous
System controls
skeletal muscles
(voluntary)
Autonomic Nervous
System controls
organs, smooth
muscles, glands
(involuntary)
A. Central Nervous System
B. Peripheral Nervous System
C. Brain (yellow)
D. Spinal Cord (light blue)
E1. Autonomic Sensory Nerves
(red)
E2. Somatic Sensory Nerves (red)
F1. Somatic Nerve (green)
F2. Sympathetic Nerve (green)
F3. Parasympathetic Nerve
(green)
G. Gray Matter (gray)
H. White Matter
a. Heart (other organs)
Green = motor nerves b. Skin Senses
Red = sensory nerves c. Skeletal Muscle
A. Neurons = nerve cells that carry messages
through an electrochemical process.
Parts of the neuron:
• 1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus and
two extensions
• 2. Dendrites – shorter, more numerous,
receive information
• 3. Axons – single, long “fiber” which
conducts impulse away from the cell
body, sends information
• 4. Myelin – wrapped around the axon of
neurons; accelerates nerve impulses
• 5. Axon Terminals – contain
neurotransmitters, release the message to
other neurons
• 6. Nodes of Ranvier – spots that the
message jumps to, increase the speed of
the message
B. Neuroglial Cells = nervous system cells that support
neurons
1. Microglial Cells: digest debris or bacteria;
respond to immunological alarms
2. Oligodendrocytes: makes the myelin
sheath that provides insulation around the
axons of nerves in the CNS
3. Astrocytes: connect
blood vessels to
neurons
I connect to
blood
vessels
4. Ependymal Cells: forms a membrane;
produce CSF
5. Schwann cells: form the insulating myelin
sheath around the neurons in the PNS
A. Neuron (blue)
B. Myelin (pink)
C. Nodes of
Ranvier
(black)
D. Astrocytes(yel
low)
E. Microglial
(green)
F. Ependymal
(orange)
G. Oligodendroc
ytes (purple)
H. Capillary (red)
• Releases message to
other neurons.
• Contains nucleus.
• Allows message to
jump from one
another.
• Insulates the axon.
• Receives signals
from other neurons.
• Controls cell
activity.
• Transmits message
from dendrites.
Types of Neurons
• Sensory Nerves – conduct impulses into the brain or
spinal cord from senses; AFFERENT nerves
• Motor Nerves – carry impulses to muscles or glands;
cause a response; EFFERENT nerves
• Interneurons – connect sensory and motor nerves
NEUROPATHY – damage to nerves in the
PNS usually from underlying medical
conditions (ie. Diabetes)
• symptoms include burning/tingling
sensation and loss of sensation
Interesting Facts about the Neuron
● Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime
● Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to
undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception
● High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and
glucose
The nerve fibers of newborns
are unmyelinated - this causes
their responses to stimuli to
be coarse and sometimes
involve the whole body. Try
surprising a baby!
White vs. Grey Matter
Myelinated neurons (white matter) – myelinated axons
Unmyelinated neurons (grey matter) - unmyelinated
Take notes…
Nerves to know
RESEARCH WHERE THESE NERVES ARE FOUND AND
WHAT THEY INNERVATE!
● Olfactory nerve
● Optic nerve
● Vagus nerve
● Sciatic nerve
● Phrenic nerve
● Trochlear nerve
The Brain #55
• Can be divided into 4 main parts:
Cerebrum (A): LARGEST PART OF BRAIN
• Front of brain
• Composed of left and right hemispheres
• Controls movement, temperature, touch, vision,
hearing, judgment, prob-solving, emotions, learning
Brainstem (D)
• Middle of brain
• Includes the midbrain (D1), pons, and medulla
oblongata
• Controls movement of eyes/mouth, relaying sensory
messages, hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac
function, body temperature, sneezing, coughing,
swallowing, vomiting, involuntary muscle movements
Cerebellum (C)
• Back of brain
• Controls coordination of voluntary muscle
movements, maintain posture, balance, and equilbrium
Diencephalon (B)
• Consists of thalamus (B1), hypothalamus (B2), and
epithalamus (B3)
• 4 Lobes of the brain
Frontal Lobe
• Largest section of brain at front
• Personality characteristics, movement, smell
Parietal Lobe
• Middle part of brain
• Identify objects, spatial relationships, interpret pain
and touch
Occipital Lobe
• Back part of brain
• Vision
Temporal Lobe
• Sides of brain
• Memory, speech, musical rhythm, smell
• Pons and Medulla – in the brainstem
Pons (D2)
• Deep in brain
• Eye and face movements
Medulla Oblongata (D3)
• Most vital part of entire brain
• Controls heart and lungs
• VENTRICLES – filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF);
CSF is used for communication and protection mainly
Why do we need CSF surrounding
our brain tissue?
#59 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
For each disease, determine the following:
• Brief description
• What part of the brain it affects
• Who it affects
Multiple
Sclerosis
• Signs and symptoms
Stroke
• Prognosis
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s Disease
Hydrocephalus
ALS
Ions in the cell and outside
the cell create a positive and
negative side, which
produces an electric current.
Steps of a Nerve Impulse
1. Neuron is at rest at -70mV
2. Stimulus hits the neuron causing Na+ to rush into the
nerve cell and K+ to rush out (-55mV is the ALL
response)
3. The nerve impulse travels down the axon to the
axon terminals
4. Calcium rushes into the cell releasing the
neurotransmitters in the synapse
5. Neuron gets back to resting as Na+ and K+ are
pumped back to their original places
6. Neurotransmitters carry the message to the next
neuron.
Neurotransmitters
• GABA – nature’s valium; inhibitory; reduces stress
and anxiety
• Dopamine – reward; too much = Schizophrenia and
too little = Parkinson’s disease, both inh and exc
• Serotonin – too little = depression, OCD, anger,
suicide; inhibitory; happiness, appetite, & sleep
• Norepinephrine – brings us on “high alert;”
excitatory, increase blood pressure and heart rate;
memories
• Acetylocholine – first NT discovered; mimics vagus
nerve; learning/memory, dream/sleep, stimulate
muscles; both inh and exc
• Endorphins – inhibitory; similar to opium; pain
reduction and increases pleasure; hiberation (slows
heart rate, metabolism, respiration)
Neurotransmitters #60
Excitatory - increase membrane permeability,
increases chance for threshold to be achieved
Inhibitory - decrease membrane permeability,
decrease chance for threshold to be achieved
A: Neuron (axon)
B: Neuron (dendrite)
1. Mitochondria
2. Vesicle
3. Receptor
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Synapse
Receptor
Calcium Channel
Releases neurotransmitter
Re-uptake
Drugs that Affect Synapses and Neurotransmitters