Download Human Anatomy Unit 6 – Chapter 8 – Nervous System Work List

Human Anatomy
Unit 6 – Chapter 8 – Nervous System Work List
Name __________________________________ P.__ Date__________
Turn your stamp sheet in by day of test or one day after for chance at full credit. After that, max points =
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ASSIGNMENT
1)
The Central Nervous System – PowerPoint
Notes
2)
Worksheets 5-2 and 5-11 (p. 5-9 in packet)
3)
What is Hydrocephalus? (p. 10-11)
4)
Worksheets 5-7 – The Spinal Cord
(pps 12-14)
5)
PPT notes – Nerves, Nerve Impulses, and
Neurotransmitters
6)
The Nerve Impulse – Standard 9d (p19-20)
7)
Synapses and Drugs PowerPoint Notes
8)
The Reflex Arc
9)
Chapter 8 – The Nervous System Test Review
10)
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The Central Nervous System – PowerPoint Notes
1) The CNS is made of the ______________ and _____________ ____________. It is the
_____________ center of the body. It processes, ______________ and relays
__________________.
Label the Brain.
2) The Cerebral Cortex is involved with
_______________, voluntary
movement, ________________,
reasoning, and __________________.
3) This is the ____________ layer of the
brain and varies from ___ cm-___cm
thick.
4) Color and label the Cerebral Cortex.
5) What connects the right and left halves of the brain?
_______________________
6) Color and label the Corpus Callosum.
7) The right hemisphere controls the __________ side of the body and the left controls the
___________ side of the body.
8) There are ______ lobes in the brain.
9) The Frontal lobe is involved with ________
thinking, reasoning, _____________ solving,
__________, and abstract thinking. It also
controls voluntary _____________.
10)
Color and label the Frontal lobes.
2
11)
The Parietal lobes control the sense of _________ , __________, and
___________ ability.
12)
Color and label the Parietal lobes.
13)
The Occipital lobes control ________________.
14)
Color and label the Occipital lobes.
15)
The Temporal lobes control ________________ (hearing) processing, ______,
personality, ___________ and some _______________.
16)
Color and label the temporal lobes.
17)
The Cerebellum controls _____________, ______________ and posture. It also
coordinates ___________ movements.
18)
Color and label the Cerebellum.
19)
The Brain Stem, known as the “__________ brain”
controls _____________, _________ rate and ________
pressure. It is made up of the ________________,
_________________ and the ________________.
20)
Color and label the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla.
Identify the Brain Stem.
21)
The Thalamus controls ___________ and
______________ integration.
22)
Color and label the Thalamus on the same diagram as the lobes.(other page)
23)
The Hypothalamus controls body _____________________,
__________________, _________________, and thirst.
24)
Label the Hypothalamus and the brain with the lobes.(other page)
25)
The Hypothalamus controls the release of ______________, when to
____________, the _____ drive and blood pressure _____________.
3
BRAIN PARTS AND FUNCTIONS – Practice Quiz
QUIZ WILL BE ON _________________
Location in diagram
5
11
10
1
2
3
6
1
7
2
4
8
9
Function
13) These three parts make up the brain stem and control breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
14) This part of the brain (not labeled in the diagram) controls body temperature, hunger and thirst.
15) This part of the brain connects right and left halves together
16) This part of the brain controls movement, balance, and coordinates muscle movements.
17) This part of the brain controls sensory and motor integration.
18) This part of the brain is involved with thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, and
perception.
19) This part of the cerebral cortex controls critical thinking, reasoning, problem solving and speech
20) This part of the cerebral cortex controls hearing, smell and personality
21) This part of the cerebral cortex controls the senses of touch and taste, and reading ability
22) This part of the cerebral cortex controls vision
Word Bank
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Parietal lobe
Pons
Medulla
Corpus callosum
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
4
5
6
7
8
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What Is Hydrocephalus (Water On The Brain)?
Hydrocephalus, also called Water on the Brain is a condition in which there is an abnormal
build up of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the cavities (ventricles) of the brain. The buildup is
often caused by an obstruction which prevents proper fluid drainage. The fluid buildup can
raise intracranial pressure inside the skull which compresses surrounding brain tissue, possibly
causing progressive enlargement of the head, convulsions, and brain damage.
Hydrocephalus can be fatal if left untreated.
The damage to the brain can cause headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, cognitive
problems, and walking difficulties.
The term water on the brain is incorrect, because the brain is surrounded by CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid), and not water. CSF has three vital functions:



It protects the nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from damage
It removes waste from the brain
It nourishes the brain with essential hormones
The brain produces about 1 pint of CSF each day. The old CSF is absorbed into blood vessels.
If the process of replenishment and release of old CSF is disturbed, CSF levels can
accumulate, causing hydrocephalus.
There are three types of hydrocephalus:



Congenital hydrocephalus - this is present at birth. The Mayo Clinic, USA, says 1 in every
500 US babies are born with it. It may be caused by an infection in the mother during
pregnancy, such as rubella or mumps, or a birth defect, such as spina bifida. It is one
of the most common developmental disabilities, more common than Down syndrome
or deafness.
Acquired hydrocephalus - this develops after birth, usually after a stroke, brain tumor or
as a result of a serious head injury.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus - only affects people aged 50 years or more. It may
develop after stroke or injury. In most cases doctors do not know why it occurred. 2 in
every 100,000 people are affected by normal pressure hydrocephalus in England each
year.
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, approximately 700,000 American
children and adults live with hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is also the leading cause of
brain surgery for children in the USA. The NIH adds that over the past 25 years death rates
linked to hydrocephalus have dropped from 54% to 5%, while the occurrence of intellectual
disability has dropped from 62% to 30%.
A prenatal ultrasound examination can sometimes detect hydrocephalus in the developing
baby.
Treatment for hydrocephalus often involves using a shunt - a thin tube that is implanted in the
brain to drain away excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Name _____________________________________ P. _____ Date__________
What is Hydrocephalus? Reading Questions
1. Why is this condition also called “Water on the Brain” and why is that a misnomer?
2. Why could it lead to brain damage?
3. What are the 3 functions of the CSF?
4. List the 3 types, identify when it develops, and why it may develop.
1) _____________________________ -
2) _____________________________ -
3) _____________________________ -
5. It is one of the most common developmental disabilities, even more common the
________________________________ or __________________________.
6. Why is prenatal care so important during pregnancy?
7. How is hydrocephalus treated?
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12
13
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Name ____________________________________ Date ________________ Period __________
The Nervous System Power Point Notes—Chapter 8
The nervous system is broken down into two major parts:
The ______________ Nervous System (_____) made of the __________ and the ________ _________.
The ____________________ Nervous System (______) made of ______________________________.
Nervous system is a network of cells called _____________________________________.
All neurons are divided into three main groups:
•__________________________________
•__________________________________
•__________________________________
Sensory Neurons
Carries information about environmental changes (both inside and outside the body) ____________________
_________________________.
Changes are detected by _______________________________neurons
Interneurons
Neurons that make up _____________________________________________.
Integrates the sensory input with the motor output.
Motor Neuron
Relays impulse received from interneurons
Delivers impulse to ______________________________________________________.
Draw a Sensory Neuron, Interneuron and Motor Neuron below. Include arrows to show the direction of the message
being carried.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Neuron Structures
Most neurons share some common features
Label the Neuron
A Neuron is a living cell. It has a nucleus, organelles, and a membrane.
The nucleus and organelles of a neuron are held in the ________________________.
Dendrites
Short, branching projections extending away from the cell body.
They conduct impulses (signals) _______________________________________________.
Axon
Conducts impulses ________________________________________________.
Most neurons have only a single long axon.
Sciatic Nerve in the leg has a single axon that can stretch to over a meter long.
A collection of axons that are packed together are called __________________.
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The axons of many neurons are surrounded by supporting cells called_________________________. Schwann cells
produce an insulating layer, ___________________________________.
Myelin sheathing causes the impulse to travel down the axon at a ___________________________________.
The impulse ______________________ to the spaces between the Schwann cells. The spaces or gaps between the
Schwann cells are the _____________________________________. The impulse jumps from node to node.
Neuron Impulse and the Action Potential
A resting neuron has an _____________________________. Charge is established due to ________________ located
both inside and outside the axon. These ions are separated by the plasma membrane.
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are the main ions involved. ______________________ is located outside the
membrane, and ___________________ is located inside.
The action potential is an _____________________________________. Unless enough stimulus is provided to meet the
threshold level, no action potential results.
Summary of Action Potential
1) A resting neuron has Na+ outside and K+ inside. It is polarized. (due to other molecules inside – inside is negative,
outside is positive) (draw it below)
2) A nerve impulse cause Na+ gates to open so Na+ rushes inside. It is depolarized. Gates open like dominoes falling.
One opens then that triggers the next gate to open. (draw it below)
3) This causes K+ gates to open so K+ flows out. It is repolarized but K+ and Na+ ions are in wrong places. (draw it
below)
4) So K+ is pumped in and Na+ is pumped out. It becomes polarized and is back at resting state. (draw it below)
Synaptic Terminals
When the impulse has reached the end of the axon, it must be passed to the next neuron. The impulse must jump the
space or _____________________between the cells. The end of the axon may be branched into hundreds of ends.
These endings are called ________________________________________.
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Synaptic terminals have vesicles containing thousands of _____________________________. Neurotransmitters are
chemicals that are released to stimulate the next neuron. Neurotransmitters are released into the
__________________________ and ______________________ across the gap to the next neuron. When the
neurotransmitters reach the next neuron, they cause the impulse to start moving down the cell body and axon.
Below, draw two adjacent neurons so that the axon terminals of one are close to the dendrites of the next neuron. Label
the synapse.
Close up view of a axon terminal releasing a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft between to adjacent neurons.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Review: Label the neuron below. Show the direction of neuron impulse with an arrow.
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The Nerve Impulse – Standard 9d
A nerve impulse is similar to the flow of electrical current through a metal wire.
The best way to understand a nerve impulse is to first look at a neuron at rest.
The Resting Neuron When a neuron is resting (not transmitting an impulse), the
outside of the cell has a net positive charge, and the inside of the cell has a net
negative charge. The cell membrane is said to be electrically charged because there
is a difference in electrical charge between its outer and inner surfaces. Where does
this difference come from? Some of the differences come from the selective
permeability of the membrane. Most of the differences, however, are the result of
active transport of ions across the cell membrane. The nerve cell membrane pumps
Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell by means of active transport. The
active transport mechanism that performs this pumping action is called the sodiumpotassium pump, shown below. As a result of active transport, the inside of the cell contains more K+ ions and fewer Na+ ions
than the outside. 1. Huh? Summarize in 3-4 sentences:
+
Resting Potential The sodium-potassium pump in the neuron cell membrane uses the energy of ATP to pump Na out of the
+
cell and, at the same time, to pump K in. This ongoing process maintains resting potential. The neuron cell membrane allows
+
+
more K ions to leak across it than Na ions. As a result, K+ ions leak out of the cell to produce a negative charge on the inside of the
membrane. Because of this, there is a positive charge on the outside of the membrane and a negative charge on the inside. The electrical
charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state is known as the resting potential of the neuron. The neuron, of course,
is not actually “resting,” because it must produce a constant supply of ATP to fuel active transport. 2. Huh? Summarize in 2-3 sentences:
The Moving Impulse A neuron remains in its resting state until it receives a stimulus large enough to start a nerve impulse. The
impulse causes a movement of ions across the cell membrane. An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron
or by the environment. Once it begins, the impulse travels rapidly down the axon away from the cell body and toward the axon
terminals. An impulse is a sudden reversal of the membrane potential. What causes the reversal? The cell membrane of a neuron
contains thousands of protein channels that may allow ions to pass through , depending on the state of the "gates" within the channels.
Generally, these gates within these channels are closed. At the leading edge of an impulse, however, the gates within the sodium
channels open, allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow inside the cell membrane. The inside of the membrane temporarily
becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. This reversal of charges, from negative to positive, is called a
nerve impulse, or an action potential. As the impulse passes, gates within the potassium channels open, allowing K + ions to flow out.
This restores the resting potential so that the neuron is once again negatively charged on the inside of the cell membrane and positively
charged on the outside. A nerve impulse is self-propagating; that is, an impulse at any point on the membrane causes an impulse at the
next point along the membrane. We might compare the flow of an impulse to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it
causes the next domino to fall. 3. Huh? Summarize in 3-4 sentences:
The Synapse At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this
location. The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. Motor neurons, for example, pass their impulses to muscle cells.
The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a synapse (SIN-aps). A space, called the synaptic cleft,
separates the axon terminal from the dendrites of the adjacent cell, in this case a neuron. The terminals contain tiny sacs, or vesicles,
filled with neurotransmitters (noo-roh-TRANZ-mit-urs). Neurotransmitters are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse
across a synapse to another cell. When an impulse arrives at an axon terminal, the vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the
synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and attach themselves to receptors on the membrane of
the neighboring cell. This stimulus causes positive sodium ions to rush across the cell membrane, stimulating the second cell. If the
stimulation exceeds the cell's threshold, a new impulse begins. Only a fraction of a second after binding to their receptors, the
neurotransmitter molecules are released from the cell surface. They may then be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by
the axon terminal. 4. Huh? Summarize in 3-4 sentences:
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Questions
1. What is a neuron?______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the charge on the outside of a resting neuron?__________ inside?______________
3. In addition to diffusion, how does the neuron actively creates this difference in electrical charges?________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Define resting potential :_________________________________________________________________________
5. Is the cell actually resting? ______ Why?_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A nerve impulse will travel from the cell body down the __________ toward the axon ___________.
7. What is an impulse?_______________________________________________________________________________.
8. Are the gates in the cell membrane open or closed when the neuron is resting?_____________
9. What happens to these gates when an impulse hits them?__________________________________________________
10. What comes in through these gates and what happens to the charge of the cell inside?__________________________
11. Define action potential :__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What opens as the impulse passes?________________ and what flows out?____________________
13. What is restored?________________________________________________________________________________
14. What is located at the end of a neuron?_______________________________________
15. Draw a neuron and label the cell body, axon, dendrites, and the synapse. Use your book/notes for help.
16. Define neurotransmitters:________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. What do the neurotransmitters do once released by the first cell?____________________________________
what can they start?_______________________________________
and
18. What happens to the neurotransmitters after they have been released from the receptors?_____________________
19. Number these statements, #1-7, to show the correct order that the events occur in an impulse:
_____Neurotransmitters bind to the adjacent neuron receptors and start a new impulse
_____ The outside of the neuron is positively charged compared to the inside.
_____ Potassium channels open allowing K+ ions to flow out.
_____ Gates open allowing Na+ to flow in.
_____ The inside of the neuron is more positive than the outside.
_____ The neuron returns to its resting potential.
_____ The impulse causes neurotransmitters to be released from the axon terminal
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Synapses and Drugs
PowerPoint Notes
Review the Synapse
• What is a synapse?
• A synapse is the “___________” between the _______________ of one nerve
and the ______________ of the next one.
• The average neuron has _____________ synapses with other neurons.
#1 - Impulse from _______
_________________ opens
ion channels for Ca++
#2 - The increased Ca++
concentration in the axon
terminal initiates the
________________ of the
__________________ (NT)
#3 - NT is released from
its vesicle and crosses the
“gap” or ___________
____________ and attaches to a protein ______________ on the dendrite
#4 - Interaction of NT and protein receptor open __________ - __________
membrane ion channel for _______
#5 - After transmission the NT is either _______________ by an enzyme or
taken back into the ________ -_____________ membrane by a transporter or
reuptake pump
Neurotransmitters
• There are ____________ of different neurotransmitters (NT) in the neurons of
the body.
• NTs can be either ___________________, which causes the next neuron to
fire, or _________________, which stops the next neuron from firing.
• Each neuron generally synthesizes and releases a single type of
_________________________________
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Major Neurotransmitters in the Body
• _______________ – Inhibitory - helps induce relaxation and ___________. It
balances the brain by inhibiting over-_______________.
• Glutamate – Excitatory -is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is
associated with __________________ and memory.
• ____________________ - Excitatory - involved in controlling movement and
posture. It also modulates mood and plays a central role in
_________________ reinforcement and ____________________.
• Serotonin –Excitatory - contributes to various functions, such as regulating
body _________________, sleep, mood, appetite, and ___________. Low
serotonin levels have been linked to _________________, suicide, impulsive
behavior, and aggressiveness.
• Endorphins – Excitatory and inhibitory - interact with the ____________
receptors in the brain to ______________ our perception of pain. Secretion
of endorphins leads to feelings of _______________-, modulation of appetite,
release of sex hormones, and enhancement of the immune response.
(runner’s ____________)
Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission
• Drugs can affect ________________ at a variety of sites and in a variety of
ways, including:
– Increasing number of ____________ (like _______________________)
– __________________ NT from vesicles with or without
Impulses (like _______________________________)
– Block _______________ or block receptors (like
____________________________)
– _____________________ more NT in response to an impulse (like
_______________)
– Blocks receptor with an ________________ (LSD and caffeine)
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Drugs That Influence Neurotransmitters
__________________ (aka sleeping
pills)
These drugs block the
____________ ion channels.
Because sodium ions cannot
flow in, _______________
cannot be produced. So it
slows down or stops nerve
impulses
NICOTINE (cigarettes) binds to
specific receptors on the presynaptic
neuron.
Binds to specific receptors on the
presynaptic neuron and excites the
neuron so that it fires more
_________________________
(electrical signals) that move toward
the synapse, causing more _____________ release.
The receptors for nicotine are called “nicotine receptors” because they can bind
with nicotine, but normally the bind with a natural neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
Your body regulates the amounts of acetylcholine so overstimulation does not
happen. But your body _____________ regulate the amount of nicotine you
consume, so overstimulation results. Nicotine and acetylcholine have very similar
3-D structures.
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METHAMPHETAMINE
1 - enters the neuron by passing directly
through nerve cell membranes. It is carried to
nerve cell terminals by transporter molecules
that normally carry dopamine or
norepinephrine. In the nerve terminal,
methamphetamine enters the dopamine- or
norepinephrine-containing vesicles and
the
________________________________________________________
2 - Methamphetamine also blocks the dopamine transporter from
_____________________________________ into the transmitting neuron.
COCAINE
When it enters the brain, it ______________ the
dopamine transporter from pumping dopamine
back into the transmitting neuron, flooding the
synapse with dopamine. This
____________________________________ of
receiving neurons in the brain's pleasure
circuits, causing a cocaine "high."
Addiction
The brain will ___________________ the number of receptors in response to
the high levels of neurotransmitters. Now the normal amounts of natural
neutrotransmitters will not trigger as great of a response as before.
OR


The brain will lower the level of neurotransmitters released, so even if the
nerve is stimulated, less neurotransmitters are released, so all nerve
responses are _________________.
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THE REFLEX ARC
(Label diagram using bold terms below)
To prevent damage to the body you have reflexes. Reflexes are responses that
don’t involve the input from your brain.
For example – if you touch something hot (the stimulus) the heat will trigger
your sensory neuron in your finger. This will start and impulse which will travel
to your spinal cord. The impulse then travels through an interneuron in the
spinal cord and then passes to a motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the
impulse to the muscle (effector), which contracts quickly in response, thereby
moving your finger out of danger.
Then the message travels to your brain where it gets interpreted. So you have
already moved your finger out the way before your brain has even registered
that you have touched something hot.
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Chapter 8 – The Nervous System Test Review
What is this a picture of? _______________
Label the #’d parts of the diagram
(1
)
1. What flows across a synapse (synaptic cleft)?__________________________
2. A motor neuron is a cell that carries messages from the brain to the ______________
3. A __________________ neuron carries messages from the sense organs to the brain.
4. The neurotransmitters always leave a neurons from the axon _________________.
5. A nerve impulse always travels from the dendrites to __________________ to axon
to ______________________.
6. The pathway of a impulse in a reflex arc is receptor (sense organ)  sensory neuron
 ________________________  motor neuron  _____________ (muscle)
7. This picture shows a _________________________.
8. A neuron at rest is using ________ to actively pump
______________ ions out to keep the inside negatively
charged and the outside ________________ charged.
9. Gray matter is a collection of _____________________, whereas white matter
consists of ________________.
10. Number these statements, #1-7, to show the correct order that the events occur in an
impulse:
_____Neurotransmitters bind to the adjacent neuron receptors and start a new impulse
_____ The outside of the neuron is positively charged compared to the inside.
_____ Gates open allowing Na+ to flow in.
_____ The inside of the neuron is more positive than the outside.
_____ The neuron returns to its resting potential.
_____ The impulse causes neurotransmitters to be released from the axon terminal
_____ Potassium channels open allowing K+ ions to flow out.
11. The neurotransmitter called ___________________ is linked to the “runner’s high,”
and low levels of _______________________ is linked to depression.
Answer bank
Alzheimer
ATP
Axon
Axon terminal
Axon terminal
Axons
Breathing
Cell bodies
Cell body
Cell body
Cerebellum
Cerebrospinal
Critical
Dendrites
Effector
Emotional
Endorphin
Gyri
Hearing
Hemispheres
Increasing
More
Muscles
Myelin
Neuron
Neurotransmitters
Occipital
Paraplegic
Parietal
Parkinson
Positively
Quadriplegic
Quickly
Rage
Re-absorption
Reflex arc
Sensory
Serotonin
Sodium
Spinal cord
Sulci
Terminals
Think
Without
12. Drugs can affect synapses by ________________ number of impulses, releasing
neurotransmitters from vesicles with or ________________ impulses, blocking the __________________
of the neurotransmitters, and by producing ____________
neurotransmitters
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13. ___________________ insulates the neuron and allows for the nerve signal to travel down the axon ______
14. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that allows a person to __________
15. The medulla is the part of the brain that controls vomiting and _____________
16. The ______________ lobe is involved with vision, the temporal lobe is involved with ______________,
the ______________ lobe is involved with reading, and the frontal lobe is active during _____________
thinking.
17. The __________________ controls coordination and balance.
18. Your cerebrum is divided into left and right _____________________.
19. The smooth raised portions of the brain are called _____________ and the grooves in the cerebral cortex
are called ________________
20. The __________________________ fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that provides protection.
21. The limbic system is associated with ___________________memories and feelings of _____________ or
sorrow.
22. __________________, depression, and __________________ are all disorders which involve the nervous
system.
23. A ____________________ has paralysis in his legs due to damage to the spinal cord from the mid-back
down, whereas a _______________________ has paralysis in his arms and legs due to damage to the spinal
cord in the neck region.
Be able to identify the occipital lobe, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe and the
temporal lobe in a diagram of the cerebrum.
Be able to identify the Cerebral cortex, Thalamus, Cerebellum, Corpus
callosum, and Spinal cord on a diagram of the brain.
26