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NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Function: Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli 2. Neurons are… cells that transmit electrical impulses a.) Sensory neurons: carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain b.) Motor neurons: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands c.) Interneurons: connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them 3. Neuron Parts and Function a.) Cell Body: contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm; location of cellular metabolic activity b.) Dendrites: carry impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body c.) Axon: carries impulses away from the cell body d.) Node: increase the speed at which an impulse can travel e.) Myelin Sheath: insulates the axon 4. A nerve impulse is similar to… the flow of electrical current through a metal wire a.) Resting potential of a neuron occurs when… there is an equal but opposite net charge across a neural membrane b.) A nerve impulse becomes electrically charged when… there is a difference in electrical charge between the outer and inner surfaces of a neuron c.) An impulse begins when… a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment d.) A nerve impulse is also known as… action potential e.) A nerve impulse is self – propagating because… an impulse at any point on the membrane causes an impulse on the next point on the membrane f.) Importance of the Na – K pump: maintains the resting potential of a neuron Resting Potential The sodium-potassium pump in the neuron cell membrane uses the energy of ATP to pump Na+ out of the cell and, at the same time, to pump K+ in. This ongoing process maintains resting potential. 5. A threshold is… the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron 6. A synapse is… the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell 7. Neurotransmitters are… chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another Cell 1. An action potential is generated as Na+ flows inward across the membrane at 1 location. 2. To the left the membrane is repolarizing as K+ flows outward. depolarization of the action potential spreads to the neighboring region of the membrane reinitiating the action potential there. 3. The depolarization repolarization process is repeated in the next region of the membrane in the way local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon. CNS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PNS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION: relays messages, processes and analyzes information FUNCTION: transmits impulses from the sense organs to the CNS and transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands PARTS AND FUNCTION PARTS AND FUNCTION 1. Brain: Control center; sends and receives impulses a.) Cerebrum: responsible for voluntary or conscious activities of the body; site of intelligence, learning and judgment 1. Somatic Nervous System: regulates activities that are under conscious control a.) Reflex arc: quick response to a stimulus; includes sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron and an effector b.) Cerebellum: coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles c.) Brain Stem: regulates the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body; controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, swallowing; includes the Pons and Medulla Oblongata d.) Thalamus: receives messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and relays that information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing e.) Hypothalamus: control center for recognition and analysis for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature; also controls the coordination of the nervous and endocrine system 2. Spinal Cord: main communication link between the brain and the rest of the body; processes different kinds of reflexes a.) Reflex: a quick, automatic response to a stimulus 2. Autonomic Nervous System: regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary; controls responses that are not under conscious control a.) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems: maintain homeostasis by having opposite effects on the same organ