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Brain, The Final Frontier Kiminobu Sugaya, Ph.D. [email protected] Http://www.uic.edu/labs/sugaya/ Homeostasis Response to Outside and Inside Environment I. G eneral comparis on of the b odyХs 2 major controlsys tems A. Gen eralc omparison Properties Anato my Nervo us Sys tem Sys tem of neu rona l pathw ays highly organized into CNS and PNS. Each nervous c ell terminates directlyo n its target cell. General functions Coordinate s the rapid, precis e responses. Specifici ty of action Depends on clos e physic alass ociation between th e nervous and target cell. Route of chemic al mess enger Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cl eft and diffuses a very short d istanc e to target cell. Rapid (millis econds). Speed of resp onse Duration of action Brief (millis econds): Neurotransmitter is ta ken back u p to nervous termina l or i na ctivate by enzym es wi th in syn aptic cl eft. Endocrine Sys tem In cl udes a number of structura lly u nre lated organs, which are wi dely dispersed throughout the body. Not anatomically li nked to target cells . Primarilyc ontrols metabolis m and the activi ties that require duration, not speed. Determine d by presence of speci fic receptors o n t target cells . Hormones bind to receptors i n a lock-and keyf ashion. Hormones a re released into the b lood and the refore can circ ulate throughout th e body. Slow (minute to hours): Complex mechanism of action. Long (minutes to days or even longer): ho rmone mayr emain bound to receptor. Nervous System •• Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous system (CNS) (PNS) – – – – – – Brain Autonomic Nervous System Spinal Cord Sympathetic Olfactory Parasympathetic Somatic Optic nerves Cranial Nerves (3-12) no • Almost Some regeneration regeneration????? Afferent Division Efferent Division What are the components of CNS ? • Neuron • Glia Neurons CELL BODY Dendrites Nucleus Myelin sheath AXON Schwann cell Node of Ranvier Synaptic terminals Cells that specialized for transmitted chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Synapses Impulse Presynaptic neuron Vesicle Transmitters Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic neuron Receptors Postsynaptic activity Classifying Neurons • Number of axons and dendrites • unipolar, bipolar, multipolar • Type of connections • sensory, motor, interneurons • Type of neurotransmitter • Acetylcholin, Dopamine Glia Cells • • • • Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Possible Roles of Glia Cells • • • • • • supporting element producing myelin scavengers - removing debris buffer guide migration in course of development help to form special lining in the capillaries - Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Anyone touched human brain? bumps = gyri grooves =sulci (fissures) Is the brain hard or soft? The brain is soft. How it is protected? QuickTi me™ a nd a de com press or are need ed to se e th is p icture. CSF QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. Ventricles QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Blood-Brain barrier Cortical layer I II III Blood vessel IV V Neuron VI Mapping the brain function How much % of the brain are we using? 10% 50% 100% Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Primary motor cortex (M1) Primary motor cortex (M1)parietal cortex Posterior Supplementary Hip motor cortex (SMA) Trunk Arm Hand Foot Face Tongue Premotor cortex (PMA) Larynx Motor cortex Somatosensory cortex Sensory associative cortex Pars opercularis Visual associative cortex Broca’s area Visual cortex Primary Auditory cortex Wernicke’s area Evidence for localization • Broca Wernicke (1861) (1876) ExpressiveAphsia Receptive Aphsia can speak but can understand cannot but cannot understand speak Phenomena in Environment Sensory Stimuli Excitation in Sensory Nerve Integration in Sensory CNS Sensation Perception Speech QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. Left Auditory cortex Right Auditory cortex Medial geniculate nucleus Cochlea Inferior colliculus Auditory nerve fiber Ipsilateral Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary nucleus Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus Optic radiation Primary visual cortex What you see, what you get Line Retina Lateral geniculate nucleus Primary Visual Cortex (V1) QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a GIF dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. Processing of sound QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hippocampus Amygdala QuickTime™ and a Animation decompressor are needed to see this picture. Coordination and control of voluntary movement. Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres. Auditory and Visual reflex centers. Cranial Nerves: CN III - Oculomotor (Related to eye movement), [motor]. CN IV - Trochlear (Superior oblique muscle of the eye which rotates the eye down and out), [motor]. Respiratory Center. Cranial Nerves: CN V - Trigeminal (Skin of face, tongue, teeth; muscle of mastication), [motor and sensory]. CN VI - Abducens (Lateral rectus muscle of eye which rotates eye outward), [motor]. CN VII - Facial (Muscles of expression), [motor and sensory]. CN VIII - Acoustic (Internal auditory passage), [sensory]. Crossing of motor tracts. Cardiac Center. Respiratory Center. Vasomotor (nerves having muscular control of the blood vessel walls) Centerハ Centers for cough, gag, swallow, and vomit. Cranial Nerves: * CN IX - Glossopharyneal (Muscles and mucous membranes of pharynx, the constricted openings from the mouth and the oral pharynx and the posterior third of tongue.), [mixed]. * CN X - Vagus (Pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach), [mixed]. * CN XI - Accessory (Rotation of the head and shoulder), [motor]. * CN XII - Hypoglossal (Intrinsic muscles of the tongue), [motor]. QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. Positron Emission Tomography The PET scan on the left shows two areas of the brain (red and yellow) that become particularly active when volunteers read words on a video screen: the primary visual cortex and an additional part of the visual system, both in the back of the left hemisphere. Other brain regions become especially active when subjects hear words through ear-phones, as seen in the PET scan on the right. To create these images, researchers gave volunteers injections of radioactive water and then placed them, head first, into a doughnut-shaped PET scanner. Since brain activity involves an increase in blood flow, more blood and radioactive water streamed into the areas of the volunteers' brains that were most active while they saw or heard words. fMRI Very mild activity (blue to red areas) is recorded in certain regions of a volunteer's brain as he hears a series of sharp but meaningless clicks (see the white box on the left of the first picture.) When he listened to instrumental music, the same region of the man's brain became much more active (orange to yellow areas), as shown in the white box on the left of the second picture. But in addition, several new areas of his brain were activated. This increase in activity reflected the richer meaning of the sounds. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and MRI Electroencephalography (EEG) QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. Brain, The Final Frontier Kiminobu Sugaya, Ph.D. [email protected] Http://www.uic.edu/labs/sugaya/