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Physiology 232 BMS Dr/Nahla Yacout 2015/2016 What is nervous system? Classification of nervous system Neurons What is neuron? Morphological classification of neurons Functional classification of neurons Parts of the brain & functions of each part Short notes on spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) It’s main function Types of nerves of PNS Autonomic ganglia, Synapse, Preganglionic neurons, Postganglionic neurons Acetylcholine (Ach) Places of it’s release Ach receptors (Their actions, agonists & antagonists) Noradrenaline (NA) Places of it’s release NA receptors It’s actions Difference between sympathetic & parasympathetic systems & their effects on organs The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. Central Peripheral Brain Spinal cord Somatic Autonomic NS NS (Involuntary) (Voluntary) Sympathetic Adrenergic system NT: Noradrenaline Parasympathetic Cholinergic system NT: Acetylcholine Is the most complicated organ in the body It has nerve cells called neurons (Neuron: is the basic unit in the nervous system, it is a specialized conductor cell that recieves & transmits nerve impulses( These neurons consist of 4 regions: Dendrites: Are highly branched thick extensions that function to carry nerve impulses into the cell body Cell body (Soma) Axon: It functions to carry impulses from the cell body to another neuron or tissue Pre-synaptic terminals Functional classification of neurons Sensory (Afferent) neurons: Carry impulses from different organs to the brain Motor (Efferent) neurons: Carry impulses from the brain Interneurons (Association neurons): Connect sensory & motor neurons Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Tectum Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Tagmentum Pons MO Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain Divided into two hemispheres: Right & Left hemispheres Divided into 4 lobes: Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital Each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere Thalamus Important in regulating sleep & wakefullness Hypothalamus Is located below thalamus It synthesizes & secretes certain hormones which in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst Cerebellum It plays an important role in motor control Medulla oblongata It contains the cardiac, respiratory, & vomitting centers & so it deals with the involuntary actions of breathing, heart rate & blood pressure Spinal cord It is the main pathway for information connecting the brain & peripheral nervous system It is shorter than the vertebral column The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord It consists of 31 nerve segments which are arranged from above as 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, & 1 coccygeal A pair of spinal nerves comes out of each segment Meninges Are 3 membranes covering the brain & spinal cord acting as a barrier to protect them against bacteria & other microorganisms (Dura matter followed by Arachnoid & the innermost is the Pia matter) Is a fluid circulating around the brain & spinal cord. It protects & nourishes them