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The Nervous System Chapter Learning Targets • By end of this lesson, you should be able to: • Differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous systems. • Subdivide the peripheral nervous system into smaller groupings. • Describe the structure and function of a nerve cell (neuron). General Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory: gathers info around the body; examples – light, oxygen levels, body temperature • Integrative: information is “brought together,” and interpreted • Motor: sending of signals to muscles and/or glands to elicit a response Bottom Line = Maintenance of Homeostasis Organs of the nervous system can be divided into two groups: The central nervous system brain spinal cord •The peripheral nervous system •peripheral nerves that connect the CNS (brain) to the rest of the body Peripheral Nervous System • PNS can be subdivided into 2 divisions: • (1) Autonomic – Cranial & spinal nerves connecting CNS to heart, stomach, intestines, glands – Controls unconscious activities Peripheral Nervous System • (2) Somatic – Cranial & spinal nerves connecting CNS to skin & skeletal muscles – Oversees conscious activities Organization of Nervous System Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic N.S. Somatic N.S. Peripheral Nervous System • Autonomic division of the nervous system can be subdivided into 2 divisions: • (1) Parasympathetic – Decreases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood glucose, blood to skeletal muscle – Increases digestion, pupil size, urinary output – “rest and digest” • (2) Sympathetic – Decreases digestion, pupil size, urinary output – Increases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood glucose, blood to skeletal muscle – “fight or flight” Nervous Tissue is composed of two major cell types: neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons are made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons. Dendrites receive information. Axons send information. Nerves are cable-like bundles of axons. Neuroglial cells provide physical support, insulation (myelin), and nutrients for neurons. Classification of Neurons function) Sensory Neurons – (afferent) have specialized receptor ends that sense stimuli and then carry impulses from peripheral body parts to brain or spinal cord. Can be unipolar or bipolar. (by Interneurons – lie entirely within the brain or spinal cord; direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting. Motor Neurons – (efferent) carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors (muscles, glands). Interneurons and motor neurons are multipolar.