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The Brain and Its Disorders The Brain and Its Disorders The Brain How To Study the Brain Psychopathologies Amnesias, Language Disorders, and Prosopagnosia The Neuron The Neuron • The brain’s most basic functional unit The Neuron Soma Dendrites Myelin Sheath Axon Axon Terminals The Neuron • Soma (cell body) – contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles • Dendrites – receive info • Axon – transmits info • Myelin sheath – covers the axon to increase transmission speed (cause of sensory and motor disturbances in multiple sclerosis) Action Potentials Action Potentials • • • • • • • How neurons transfer info Changes neuron’s membrane potential Rising phase – membrane depolarizes Overshoot Falling phase – membrane repolarizes Undershoot Restoration of resting potential Neurodegeneration • Involved in disorders like Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s The Synapse The Synapse • Axon terminal releases neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on another neuron • Neurotransmitters released, taken up again by first neuron Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine – movement (respiratory paralysis) • Serotonin – mood, sleep, appetite, anxiety (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder) • Dopamine – motivation, pleasure (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s) • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine – attention, anxiety, stress (epilepsy, mania in bipolar disorder) Neuropharmacology Reuptake Inhibitors • Prevent reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors • Example: Prozac – Treats depression, OCD, panic disorder The Blood-Brain Barrier The Blood-Brain Barrier • Endothelial cells in blood vessels in the brain fit closely together • Only some molecules can pass through • Protects the brain from foreign molecules and hormones and neurotransmitters from other parts of the body • Can be damaged by infections, head trauma, high blood pressure, etc. The Brain The Brain The Brain • Cerebral Cortex – thought, language, reasoning, movement, sensation • Corpus Callosum – connects the right and left hemispheres • Cerebellum – movement, balance • Brainstem – breathing, heart rate Lobes of the Brain Lobes of the Brain • Frontal Lobe – personality, planning, emotion, problem solving – Motor cortex - movement – Broca’s area – speech production • Parietal Lobe - touch • Temporal Lobe – hearing – Inferotemporal Cortex – object recognition – Wernicke’s area – language comprehension • Occipital Lobe - vision