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Biological Psychology Biological Psychology Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior Areas of study include neuroscience, the endocrine system and the relative contribution of genetics and evolution The Brain The Most Basic Structure: A Neuron The Behaving Brain - Discovering Psych Inner Workings NIMH Diagram a neuron Concepts in Neural Communication Action Potential A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse All or Nothing (None) response Like it sounds. Neurons fire on the basis of “all or nothing” Refractory period The period of rest following a neural impulse Describe the electrical transmission of an action potential along a neuron* Synapse The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron. Also called the synaptic gap or cleft. Synaptic vesicles Neural Communication Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons (held and released by synaptic vesicles). NTs bind to specific receptor sites on the receiving neuron, and cause a neural impulse. Excess neurotransmitters are enzymatically broken down or reabsorbed by receptors in a reuptake process Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters Explain the function of neurotransmitters. from the sending to receiving neuron. Describe the neurotransmission process Know Specific Neurotransmitters, Their Functions and Effects on Health Acetylcholine Learning, memory and muscle control. Deficit present in Alzheimer’s disease. Curare-, botulism and black widows + Endorphins Opiate-like action linked to pain control and to pleasure. Mimicked by opiates (agonist). Kosterlitz’s discovery The Mind: Endorphins Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline Related to arousal and state of alert (fight or flight). Undersupply can affect motivation and mood (anti-depressants) More Specific Neurotransmitters Serotonin Mood, sleep, arousal, pain sensitivity and hunger regulation. Implicated in depression. Antidepressants raise levels. SSRIs Dopamine Movement, learning and attention A deficit seen in Parkinson’s disease Parkinson's...Use of l-dopa (passes BBB) Sacks and Awakenings. Encephalitis lethargica Use of l-dopa An excess of Dopamine = schizophrenia (use of dopa blockers) Know specific neurotransmitters, their functions and effects on health More Specific Neurotransmitters Glutamate Used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain. Involved in memory. Can overstimulate brain. Headaches and seizures. Epilepsy GABA Inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low amounts present in seizures and insomnia. Many sedative/tranquilizing drugs act by enhancing the effects of GABA. Alcohol and increases GABA. Anti-anxiety meds Epilepsy and GABA Substance P Responsible for transmission of pain from certain sensory neurons to the central nervous system Know specific neurotransmitters, their functions and effects on health Agonists • Using an example explain the difference between an agonist and an antagonist Antagonists • Using an example explain the difference between an agonist and an antagonist Neurotransmitters and Addiction • Some drugs, like cocaine, increase dopamine by preventing reuptake, leaving more dopamine in the synapse. Cocaine addiction • Amphetamines (stimulants) help to release more dopamine • Opiates act as agonists, mimicking endorphins • Adaptations to drug use = tolerance • The withdrawal hypothesis • Using an example explain the difference between an agonist and an antagonist Additional Concepts Related to Neural Transmission • The Secret Life of the Brain – Neural networks – Developmental Plasticity – Synaptic pruning • Neurogenesis Adult Neurogenesis • Brain damage Hemispherectomy and Plasticity • Mirror neurons ScienceNow • Neurons and Ramachandran The Nervous System Nervous system Central (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System Somatic Nervous System controls the body’s skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs Sympathetic Nervous System division of the ANS that arouses the body, and mobilizes in stressful situations; fight or flight response Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the ANS that calms the body, and conserves its energy • Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and describe the difference between a sympathetic and a parasympathetic response The Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System Nerves “cables” connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs (SAME) Sensory Neurons (Afferent) Carry information from the sense receptors to the CNS Motor Neurons (Efferent) Carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands Interneurons communicate quickly between sensory inputs and motor outputs • Distinguish between sensory and motor neurons Homunculus The Cerebral Cortex Measuring Brain Structures/Functions Lesioning Experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue EEG (Electroencephalograph) Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity • Describe the various types of brain measuring and imaging techniques Measuring Brain Structures/Functions CT (computed tomography) Scan Series of x-ray photographs from different angles. Shows structures MRI (magnetic imaging) resonance Uses magnetic fields to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain • Describe the various types of brain measuring and imaging techniques Measuring Brain Structures/Functions PET (positron emission tomography) Scan Visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task fMRI (Functional MRI) Series of MR images used to see structures within the brain as they function BBC Brain Story The Hind Brain Brainstem responsible for (autonomic) survival functions Medulla Oblongata controls heartbeat and breathing Reticular formation source of alertness and arousal. The Pons regulates sleep-wake cycle Cerebellum regulates movement and coordination Thalamus the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex The Limbic System The Limbic System Limbic System doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. Associated with emotions drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hypothalamus amygdala, and hippocampus Amygdala two almond-shaped neural linked to emotion; anger and aggression The Brain: Aggression Septum seat of fear The Brain Hypothalamus structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland linked to emotion as well sexual arousal, satiation, pleasure (or rewards) centers The Limbic System - Hypothalamus Electrode implanted in reward center (Olds) Pleasure and Addiction The Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres The body’s ultimate control and information processing center Comprised of two hemispheres and four lobes Folds or convolutions increase surface and number of neural connections Association areas uncommitted areas throughout cortex for higher thought processes Contralaterality The Cerebral Cortex - FPOT The Cerebral Cortex - Four Lobes Frontal Lobes Involved in making plans and judgments, language (Broca), motor cortex located along rear The Mind: Frontal Lobe 9 Parietal Lobes Includes the sensory cortex. Occipital Lobes Include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field (angular gyrus) Temporal Lobes Auditory processing (Wernicke) Visual and Auditory Cortices The Cerebral Cortex - Language Broca’s Area an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke’s Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression Angular Gyrus an area in the left hemisphere that transforms visual images into auditory code Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding), also angular gyrus The Brain: Broca and Wernicke Specialization and Integration Our Divided Brain Corpus callosum Corpus Callosum Band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between the hemispheres Issue of contralaterality Jill Bolte Taylor Our Divided Brain The information highway from the eye to the brain Role of the optic chiasm Split Brain Research A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly the corpus callosum) between them Sperry and Gazzaniga The Brain: Split Brain Scientific American Split Brain NP.Org The Endocrine System Endocrine System The body’s “slow” chemical communication system A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland