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AUTONOMIC REFLEX ARC, SPINAL PATHWAYS Dr Gallatz Katalin Divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) sympathetic parasympathetic Autonomic nervous system regulates activity smooth and cardiac muscle and certain glands and adrenal medulla Autonomic reflex arc is responsible for important fuctions such as gut peristalsis, sweating, defecation, micturation (emptying the bladder), ejaculation etc. Sympathetic nervous system Central neurons can be found in the lateral horn (intermediolateral cell column) PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS Cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord Autonomic or Visceral Reflexes Components of that reflex arc: - afferent part: -sensory receptor -sensory neuron (spinal ganglion) - integrating center - efferent part - preganglionic neuron and fiber - postganglionic neuron pre or paravertebral ganglion and fiber - visceral effector Th-L IML -to the skin sudomotor, vasomotor, pilomotor 3. r. communicans albus 5. r. communicans griseus szimpatikus – paravertebralis ggl. From Dr. Kozsurek Th-L IML 3. r. communicans albus 5. r. communicans griseus sympathetic – prevertebral ggl. From Dr. Kozsurek Preganglionic neuron - cell body in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord, - axon is myelinated type B fiber – preganglionic fiber – that passes to the autonomic ganglion Postganglionic neuron (vegetativ ganglion) - cell body lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion - axon is unmyelinated type C fiber – postganglionic fiber that terminates in a visceral effector The preganglionic axon 1. may synapse on the postganglionic cells in the paravertebral ganglion at segmental level 2. may enter the synaptic chain and travel rostrally and caudally to a paravertebral ganglion 3. some preganglionic axon pass through the sympathetic trunk and form the splanchnic nerves, these fibers travel to a prevertebral gaglion 4. some preganglionic axons in the splanchnic nerve innervate chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla directly Locations of autonomic ganglia • Sympathetic ganglia paravertebral ganglia laterally to the vertebral column - prevertebral ganglia near to the branches of the abdominal aorta celiac ganglion superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric aorticorenal ganglion • Parasympathetic ganglia - intramural ganglia, in wall of organ ( n. X.) or ganglia of cranial nerves III., V.,VII., IX. Th-L IML -to the skin sudomotor, vasomotor, pilomotor 3. r. communicans albus 5. r. communicans griseus szimpatikus – paravertebralis ggl. From Dr. Kozsurek Neurotransmitters in the sympathetic neurons Neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic neurons Spinal pathways Descending (Motor) Tracts • Two groups of tracts: – direct (pyramidal) tracts – indirect (extrapyramidal) tracts • Two neurons in pathway – upper motor neurons – lower motor neurons Descending (Motor) Tracts • upper motor neurons originate in gray matter of cerebral cortex or other gray matter • lower motor neurons exit via ventral root and carry impulses to effectors Descending Motor Tracts Extrapyramidal Tracts • Tectospinal tract (tectum of midbrain) – reflex turning of head in response to sights and sounds • Reticulospinal tract (reticular formation) – controls limb movements important to maintain posture and balance • Vestibulospinal tract (vestibular nuclei) – postural muscle activity in response to vestibular signals • Rubrospinal tracts – originate in ‘red nucleus’ of midbrain; control flexor muscles • (Olivospinal tract –human?) • MLF medial longitudinal fascicle – Coordinates the eye and head movements in response vestibular signals Descending Motor Tracts Corticospinal Tract • Precise, coordinated limb movements • Two neuron pathway – upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – lower motor neuron in spinal cord • Decussation in medulla and in the spinal cord 13-19 Ascending pathways Dorsal colunm ascending tracts • Deep touch, visceral pain, vibration, and proprioception • Gracile fascicle (Goll) and • cuneate fascicle (Burdach) • carry signals from arm and leg • Decussation and 2nd order neuron in medulla • 3rd order neuron in thalamus carries signal to cerebral cortex 13-20 EPICRITIC ÉS PROPRIOCEPTIV Gracile fascicle (Goll) Cuneate fascicle (Burdach) Dorsal (Flechsig) and ventral spinocerbellar (Gowers)tract From Dr. Kozsurek Spinocerebellar Pathways • Proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk travel up to the cerebellum Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (Flechsig) - uncrossed Ventral spinocerbellar (Gowers) tract - crossed 13-22 Spinothalamic Pathway • Pain, pressure, temperature, light touch, • Decussation of the second order neuron occurs in spinal cord • Third order neurons arise in thalamus and continue to cerebral cortex 13-23 Ascending tracts - SENSORY PATHWAYS Spinothalamic tract – PROTOPATHIC sensibility From Dr. Kozsurek Spinoreticular Tract • Pain signals from tissue injury • Decussate in spinal cord and ascend with spinothalamic fibers • End in reticular formation (medulla and pons) • 3rd and 4th order neurons continue to thalamus and cerebral cortex 13-25 CU – cuneate fascicle (Burdach), GR – gracile fascicle (Goll) CU GR Gowers Spinothalamic tract Flechsig: tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis Gowers: tractus spinocerebellaris ventralis Dr. Kozsurek Márk anyagából Thank you for your attention!