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THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AFFERENT EFFERENT NERVES NERVES EXTEROINTERORECEPTORS RECEPTORS EFFECTOR ORGANS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SOMATIC SKELETAL MUSCLES AUTONOMIC SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • TWO NEURON CHAINS • SYMPATHETIC • PARASYMATHETIC ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD TARGET ORGANS SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA TWO NEURON CHAINS PRESYNAPTIC NEURON EFFECTOR SPINE ORGAN POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON SYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA (NEAR SPINE) SPINE EFFECTOR ORGAN PARASYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA (NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN) SPINE EFFECTOR ORGAN AUTONOMIC CONTROL IS IN BRAIN STEM • • • • HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY PONS MEDULLA PARASYMPATHETIC • • • • • GANGLION NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN LONG PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS “COUCH POTATO” POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE CHOLINERGIC • CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES SYMPATHETIC • • • • • GANGLION NEAR SPINE SHORT PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS LONG POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS FLIGHT OR FIGHT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE ADRENERGIC • THORACIC AND LUMBAR NERVES EFFECTS OF ANS ORGAN HEART BLOOD VESSELS S + P - CONSTRICT(MOST ORGANS) DILATE (HEART DILATE (PENIS AND CLITORIS) ) AND SKELETAL BRONCHIOLES DILATE CONSTRICT PUPIL DIGESTION DILATE CONSTRICT INHIBIT ENHANCE DUAL INNERVATION OF MOST VISCERAL ORGANS • MOST INNERVATED BY BOTH SYSTEMS • EFFECTS ARE OPPOSITE IN MOST CASES • TONIC ACTIVITY • DOMINANCE EFFECTS OF PRE AND POSTGANGLIONIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY • NOREPINEPHRINE (ADRENERGIC):FLIGHT OR FIGHT REACTION (SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC) • ACETYLCHOLINE (CHOLINERGIC): “COUCH POTATO” RESPONSE (PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AND ALL PREGANGLIONIC). ACETYLCHOLINE (CHOLINERGIC): “COUCH POTATO” RESPONSE (PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AND ALL PREGANGLIONIC). • NICOTINIC RECEPTORS (PREGANGLIONIC) • MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS (POSTGANGLIONIC) NICOTINIC RECEPTORS (PREGANGLIONIC) • ACTIVATED BY ACETYL CHOLINE ENDOGENOUSLY AND NICOTINE EXOGENOUSLY • BLOCKED BY CURARE AND HEXAMETHONIUM MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS (POSTGANGLIONIC) • ACTIVATED BY ACETYL CHOLINE ENDOGENOUSLY AND MUSCARINE EXOGENOUSLY • BLOCKED BY ATROPINE THE ADRENAL MEDULLA SECRETES EPINEPHRINE • ANALOG TO A LARGE POST GANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC NERVE TERMINAL • IS AN ENDOCRINE GLAND: SECRETES THE HORMONE INTO THE BLOOD TYPES OF RECEPTORS • ALPHA: MORE SENSITIVE TO NOREPINEPHRINE • BETA: MORE SENSITIVE TO EPINEPHRINE ALPHA RECEPTORS • ALPHA-1: POSTSYNAPTIC TARGET CELLS OF SYMPATHETICALLY INNERVATED ORGANS • ALPHA-2: PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS OF CHOLINERGIC NERVE FIBERS BETA RECEPTORS • BETA-1: EPINEPHRINE AND NE EQUALLY POTENT • BETA-2: RESPOND BETTER TO EPINEPHRINE THAN TO NE (PROBABLY TO CIRCULATING HORMONE THAN TO NEUROTRANSMITTER) FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCENTRATION OF NE IN THE JUNCTIONAL CLEFT • NEURONAL UPTAKE • DIFFUSION INTO CAPILARIES • UPTAKE INTO EFFECTOR CELLS AUTONOMIC REFLEXES • REFLEX ARCS MIMIC SOMATIC SPINAL REFLEXES • DEFICATION AND URINATION AMONG OTHERS REFERRED PAIN • PAIN PATHWAYS FROM VISCERA SHARE SECONDARY NEURONS WITH SOMATIC PAIN NEURONS • HYPERALGESIC ZONES