* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nervous System (1)
Electrophysiology wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Multielectrode array wikipedia , lookup
Node of Ranvier wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
1 Regulation 2 The coordination and control of the various life activities within an organism. The ability to detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and respond to them. Is the essential to maintain stability (homeostasis) Regulation can be achieved through either Nervous control or chemical control. Nerve Control: •Works via the Nervous System. •Depends on nerve cells called Neurons •Uses electrical signals called impulses. •Works Quickly over a Short Duration 3 Chemical Control: •Works via the Endocrine System •Uses chemical signals called Hormones •Works Slowly over a Long Duration 4 5 Chemical and Nervous Control Both Work to : Control_____________________________ and Coordinate the body’s responses Growth and Development _____________________________ _____________________________ Reproduction IMPORTANT VOCABULARY 6 1. Stimulus - a change in an organism’s internal or external environment that initiates a response. 2. Receptors - structures specialized in detecting stimuli Ex. sense organs - eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin. 3. Effectors - organs that produce responses to stimuli Ex. muscles or glands IMPORTANT VOCABULARY CONTINUED 4. Response – reaction to stimuli 7 5. Impulse- an electrochemical charge generated along a neuron 6. Neuron - Cell adapted for receiving and transmitting impulses. THE NEURON: 8 Nervous Control depends mainly on nerve cells called: Neurons _____________________ THE NEURON: There are 8 essential components of a neuron. 1. Dendrites 3. Cyton 2. Nucleus 1. Dendrites - fibers of the cell body which receive impulses 2. Nucleus – organelle that houses genetic information 3. Cyton - cell body that contains a nucleus 9 THE NEURON: There are 8 essential components of a neuron. 4. Axon 5. Myelin 4. Axon: The fiber responsible for transmitting the impulse away from the cell 10 body. 5. Myelin – a thin layer of insulation which helps conduct the impulse faster THE NEURON: There are 8 essential components of a neuron. Neurotransmitters Synapse Terminal Branches 6. Terminal Branch: At the end of the axon. Responsible for secreting neurotransmitters. 7. Synapse: junction between adjacent neurons or between neurons and effectors 11 . 8. Neurotransmitter: A chemical which is released into the synapse for communication. ex) Acetylcholine HOW DO NEURONS TRANSMIT SIGNALS? 4. The terminal branches then TRANSMIT 12 1. A stimulus is the signal into the synapse via SENSED by the Dendrites. neurotransmitters. 5. The effector then senses the neurotransmitter and produces a RESPONSE 3. The impulse is then CONDUCTED down the 2. The Stimulus is length of the axon to the RECEIVED by cell body terminal branches via an impulse. There are THREE types of Neurons 1. Sensory Neurons – transmits impulses from receptors to the brain and spinal cord a. Sense organs - are structures where sensory neurons are concentrated Ex. eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue 13 There are THREE types of Neurons 2. Motor neurons – transmit impulses from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to muscles or glands (effectors). 3. Interneurons – relay impulses between sensory and motor neurons. 14 The Nervous System is Comprised of Two Subdivisions: The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System 15 The Nervous System is Comprised of Two Subdivisions: The Central Nervous System includes the: Brain and the Spinal Chord CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM 17 A. Cerebrum – largest region (85% of brain) - control of voluntary activities 18 - sensory impulses are interpreted - memory, thinking, and reasoning occur - motor activities initiated B. Cerebellum - Coordinates muscle activity for smooth muscle movements - maintains balance, equilibrium and posture C. Medulla Controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure and peristalsis 19 2. Spinal Cord - lies within and is protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column. a. Coordinates activities between the brain and other body structures b. It is the center for both inborn and involuntary reflex actions Reflex Arc - pathway in which reflexes travel Reflex Arc - pathway in which reflexes travel 20 Spinal cord 21 Inter Neuron Sensory Neuron Receptor Stimulus Motor Neuron Muscle (effector) Reflex Arc includes (in order) : Receptor Sensory neuron Interneuron in spinal cord Motor neuron Effector V. Peripheral Nervous System 22 Consists of all nerves Extending throughout the body, outside the CNS The PNS is made up of two subdivisions 1. Somatic Nervous System - Nerves that control voluntary muscles of the skeleton 2. Autonomic Nervous System - Nerves that control cardiac muscle, glands, peristalsis etc. (Considered to be an involuntary system) Malfunctions of the Nervous System 23 1. Cerebral Palsy - a group of congenital disease characterized by a disturbance of the motor functions 2. Meningitis - Infection of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain, and or spinal cord 24 3. Stroke - caused by a cerebral hemorrhage or a blood clot in a cerebral vessel which may result in brain damage 4. Polio - viral disease of the CNS which may result in paralysis, and is preventable through immunization. The Neuron 25 CELL BODY (CYTON) NUCLEUS DENDRITES AXON NODE OF RANVIER TERMINAL BRANCHES SCHWANN CELL NUCLEUS MYELIN SCHWANN CELL TERMINAL KNOBS