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Download The effects of electrical microstimulation on cortical signal propagation
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A brain-machine interface instructed by direct intracortical microstimulation Joseph E. O’Doherty, Mikhail A. Lebedev, Timothy L. Hanson, Nathan A. Fitzsimmons and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis 1 Key points (abstract) • Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) establish direct communication between the brain and artificial actuators. • Future BMIs must also provide a means for delivering sensory signals from the actuators back to the brain. • In this study, a direct BMI have been achieved by simultaneously multichannel recording from M1 and stimulating S1. 2 Materials and Methods 3 Animal preparation • Subjects: 2 adult male rhesus macaque monkeys (6.7kg and 6.5kg). • Cortical Implants: – 6 microelectrode arrays (32 microwires in each) in M1, S1 and Premotor cortex (PMd) in Monkey1; – 4 arrays in M1, PMd, Pariental cortex (PP), supplementary motor area (SMA) in Monkey2. 4 Behavioral Tasks • Three behavioral tasks were employed: 1. Center-out, 2. Continuous target pursuit and 3. Target choice task 5 Neural signal processing • Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): 50ms bins. The neuronal firing rate for each of the neurons in the ensemble was placed into a vector for each time-bin. • Prediction Algorithm: Cursor position was reconstructed using multiple Wiener filter linear decoding algorithms applied to the population of recorded Neurons. 6 Result (Average prediction accuracy) • • • • HC: Hand Control BCWH: Brain Control With Hand movements BCWOH: Brain Control Without Hand movements R: Average correlation coefficient between actual and predicted value 7 Findings • The correspondence between the actual and predicted hand position decreased in sessions BCWH (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). • The R for X-position decreased 28.1% and 17.2% in Monkey 2. The R for Yposition decreased 16.7% and 15.6% in Monkeys 1 and 2, respectively. • This decrease indicates that the neuronal ensemble adapted to controlling the cursor movements and became less representative of the animal’s hand movements (repeating previous findings of Lebedev et al., 2005; Tkach et al., 2007) 8 BMI with Somatosensory input 9 10 11 Conclusion • In the BMI with somatosensory input, one monkey controlled cursor movements directly by using motor cortical activity while receiving somatosensory instructive signals (ICMS) in S1. • The second monkey also controlled the cursor using motor cortical activity but, since PP ICMS was ineffective, received somatosensory signals via vibrotactile stimulation of the hand. • Therefore, it is conceivable that PP cannot be used for this type of sensory instruction or that use of PP may require much longer training or require different parameters. • Stimulation of primary sensory areas of the cortex (and possibly thalamus) appears to be most effective for sensory substitution in BMI. 12 Thank you for your kind attention. 13