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Schematic wiring diagram of the basal ganglia. The striatum is the principal input structure of the basal ganglia and receives excitatory glutamatergic input from many areas of cerebral cortex. The striatum contains projection neurons expressing predominantly D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, as well as interneurons that use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Outflow from the striatum proceeds along two routes. The direct pathway, from the striatum to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and globus pallidus interna (GPi), uses the inhibitory transmitter GABA. The indirect pathway, from the striatum through the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to the SNpr and GPi, consists of two inhibitory GABAergic links and one excitatory glutamatergic projection (Glu). The substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) provides dopaminergic innervation to the striatal neurons, giving rise Source: Treatment of Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders, Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e to both the direct and indirect pathways, and regulates the relative activity of these two paths. The SNpr and GPi are the output structures of the basal Citation:feedback Brunton to LL,the Chabner BA, Knollmann & Gilman's: The Pharmacological of Therapeutics, 12e; 2011 Available at: ganglia and provide cerebral cortex throughBC. theGoodman ventroanterior and ventrolateral nuclei of theBasis thalamus (VA/VL). http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 06, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved