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Write this down… Homework 2 Study Guide (Synapses) Due at the beginning of lab this week Front and back TASS M&W 1-2pm Willamette Hall 204 Thought Question… When you have one of your mandibular teeth worked on at the dentist and he gives you a shot to deaden half of your mouth, what division of the nervous system is being affected by the lidocaine? What do you think it’s mode of action is? Hint: Remember Physio-EX in lab? Is it affecting a cranial or spinal nerve? The Nervous System THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE BRAIN Introduction Integration Memory Learning Sensation and perception Neural Tissue - Definitions White matter versus Gray matter Fiber Bundles Nerves versus Tracts Nerve Cell Bodies Nucleus versus Ganglion White and Gray Matter Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core External white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts Brain has additional areas of gray matter not present in spinal cord Cortex of gray matter Inner gray matter Central cavity Migratory pattern of neurons Cerebrum Cerebellum Region of cerebellum Outer white matter Gray matter Central cavity Inner gray matter Outer white matter Brain stem Gray matter Central cavity Outer white matter Spinal cord Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Inner gray matter Figure 12.4 Brain Similar pattern with additional areas of gray matter The Brain Conscious perception Internal regulation Average adult male 3.5 lbs Average adult female 3.2 lbs Same brain mass to body mass ratio! Brain Regions 4 Adult brain regions 1. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) 2. 3. 4. Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) Brain Regions Figure 12.3d Ventricles Four major regions are connected by ventricles and aqueducts Figure 12.5 Ventricles Filled with cerebrospinal fluid Lined by ependymal cells Continuous with one another Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres form superior part of brain About %80 of brain mass 3 tissue layers Superficial cortex, gray matter Internal white matter Basal nuclei, islands of gray matter Anterior Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Left cerebral hemisphere (c) Posterior Figure 12.6c Cerebral Cortex Surface layer of cerebrum ―Executive Suite‖ Convolutions Gyri – elevated ridges Sulci – shallow grooves Fissures – deep grooves, separate larger regions of the brain Cerebrum Fissures divide cerebral hemispheres into 4 lobes Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex The three types of functional areas are: Motor areas—control voluntary movement Sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation Association areas—integrate diverse information Contralateral orientation Hemispheres are functionally specialized Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex Cerebral Motor Activity Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Primary Motor Cortex Large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus Long axons pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements Motor homunculi: upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions Motor Homunculus Somatotopy of precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) Posterior Motor Motor map in precentral gyrus Anterior Toes Jaw Tongue Swallowing Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Figure 12.9 Premotor Cortex Anterior to the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions Involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback Broca’s Area Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area Present in one hemisphere (usually the left) A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue Is active as one prepares to speak Frontal Eye Field Anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca’s area Controls voluntary eye movements Cerebral Motor Activity Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke) Types Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke Result Tissue death called an infarct Effects are determined by where and how large an area is involved Stroke cont. Stroke cont. Cerebral Sensory Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Sensory Activity Widely dispersed Parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Concerned with conscious awareness of sensation Primary Somatosensory Cortex In the postcentral gyri, parietal lobe Stimuli from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated Posterior Sensory Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Genitals Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intraabdominal Figure 12.9 Somatosensory Association Cortex Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex Integrates and analyzes inputs such as: temperature, size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt Keys in pocket Visual Areas Primary Visual Cortex Occipital lobe Receives visual information from the retinas Visual Association Area Surrounds the primary visual cortex Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemispheres Auditory Areas Primary Auditory Cortex Temporal lobes Interprets information from inner ear (pitch, loudness, and location) Auditory Association Area Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds Cerebral Sensory Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Association Areas Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take Multimodal Association Areas Multimodal Association Areas Three areas Prefrontal Cortex Posterior Association Area (not discussed here) Limbic Association Area Cerebral Association Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Prefrontal Cortex Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment Limbic Association Area Part of the limbic system Provides emotional impact that helps establish memories Connections with prefrontal cortex regulate emotional expression Cerebral Association Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Lateralization Left hemisphere Math Logic Language Controls right side of body Right hemisphere Visual-spatial skills Intuition Emotion Art and music Controls left side of body Cerebral White Matter Projection tracts Connect cerebrum w/other body locations Association tracts Interconnect cerebral cortex (same side) Commissural tracts Connect two hemispheres White Matter Tracts Figure 12.10 Basal Nuclei An association of grey matter deep in cerebral hemispheres Contribute to muscle coordination by excitatory innervation Ex. Parkinson’s Basal Nuclei Questions?