Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents there is no such clear separation of ‘what’ from ‘value’ representations. For example in the taste system, satiety influences taste processing at the ...
... learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents there is no such clear separation of ‘what’ from ‘value’ representations. For example in the taste system, satiety influences taste processing at the ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... with approximately half of the animals exhibiting severe hyperactivity and weight loss that would be lethal unless removed from the ABA-inducing environment, while approximately a quarter of the population exhibits resilience, due to minimal hyperactivity and weight loss (Chowdhury et al. 2013). Hav ...
... with approximately half of the animals exhibiting severe hyperactivity and weight loss that would be lethal unless removed from the ABA-inducing environment, while approximately a quarter of the population exhibits resilience, due to minimal hyperactivity and weight loss (Chowdhury et al. 2013). Hav ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... avoidance in male WKY rats, when an ITI-signal is present. First, we examined whether avoidance training with and without an ITIsignal causes differentially expressed neuronal activation (c-Fos expression) across the acquisition process. Again, we hypothesized ITI-induced differential activation of ...
... avoidance in male WKY rats, when an ITI-signal is present. First, we examined whether avoidance training with and without an ITIsignal causes differentially expressed neuronal activation (c-Fos expression) across the acquisition process. Again, we hypothesized ITI-induced differential activation of ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... corresponds to the total time (in seconds) exploring the novel object minus the total time exploring the familiar object (i.e., the sample object). The discrimination ratio, D2 (Ennaceur & Delacour, 1988) is the difference in time spent exploring the novel and familiar objects divided by the total t ...
... corresponds to the total time (in seconds) exploring the novel object minus the total time exploring the familiar object (i.e., the sample object). The discrimination ratio, D2 (Ennaceur & Delacour, 1988) is the difference in time spent exploring the novel and familiar objects divided by the total t ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... distance between the connected areas (Barbas, 1986). Here we addressed several additional questions on the relationship of cortical structure to corticocortical connections. Do projection neurons from one area originate and terminate in different layers when they project to two structurally disparat ...
... distance between the connected areas (Barbas, 1986). Here we addressed several additional questions on the relationship of cortical structure to corticocortical connections. Do projection neurons from one area originate and terminate in different layers when they project to two structurally disparat ...
Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior
... with more complex, abstract goals. There has been relatively little study of such multi-step technological actions, but lesion (Hartmann et al., 2005) and neuroimaging (Frey and Gerry, 2006; Hamilton and Grafton, 2008) evidence implicate right frontoparietal cortex in the representation of action se ...
... with more complex, abstract goals. There has been relatively little study of such multi-step technological actions, but lesion (Hartmann et al., 2005) and neuroimaging (Frey and Gerry, 2006; Hamilton and Grafton, 2008) evidence implicate right frontoparietal cortex in the representation of action se ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... Rodents provide an essential platform for basic neuroscience research; however, it is not always clear which areas of the rodent frontal cortex should be thought of as equivalent to the dACC. The entire prefrontal cortex in rodents is agranular, rendering cytoarchitectonic differentiations difficult ...
... Rodents provide an essential platform for basic neuroscience research; however, it is not always clear which areas of the rodent frontal cortex should be thought of as equivalent to the dACC. The entire prefrontal cortex in rodents is agranular, rendering cytoarchitectonic differentiations difficult ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left response. At the end of the decision period, the choice was indicated by altering one of the left or right squares to white, and the ...
... The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left response. At the end of the decision period, the choice was indicated by altering one of the left or right squares to white, and the ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Transported PHA-L was visualized by the same procedure as that described by Saleem et al. (1993b). The HRP reaction was carried out according to the modified tetramethyl benzidine method described by Gibson et al. (1984). For biocytin, we used a modified protocol of Lachica et al. (1991). The qualit ...
... Transported PHA-L was visualized by the same procedure as that described by Saleem et al. (1993b). The HRP reaction was carried out according to the modified tetramethyl benzidine method described by Gibson et al. (1984). For biocytin, we used a modified protocol of Lachica et al. (1991). The qualit ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (Devane and others 1992) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (Mechoulam and others 1995) and the development of selective synthetic ligands that bind to the 2 receptor types (Rinaldi-Carmona and others 1994, 1998) soon followed. Most of the p ...
... receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (Devane and others 1992) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (Mechoulam and others 1995) and the development of selective synthetic ligands that bind to the 2 receptor types (Rinaldi-Carmona and others 1994, 1998) soon followed. Most of the p ...
Firing characteristics of deep layer neurons in prefrontal cortex in
... correlate for rat medial PFC cells: the cells may encode the rules of a task (Winocur and Moscovitch, 1990). Thus it was also proposed that some rat prefrontal cortical cells may fire in association with specific task components. Third, because hippocampal place cells send monosynaptic projections ...
... correlate for rat medial PFC cells: the cells may encode the rules of a task (Winocur and Moscovitch, 1990). Thus it was also proposed that some rat prefrontal cortical cells may fire in association with specific task components. Third, because hippocampal place cells send monosynaptic projections ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... simultaneous maintenance of multiple items are unsolved, although there have been some tantalizing hints at possible mechanisms. ...
... simultaneous maintenance of multiple items are unsolved, although there have been some tantalizing hints at possible mechanisms. ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... idea that there is an anatomically identifiable reward circuit (Olds and Milner, 1954). Support for the existence of such a circuit came with pharmacological manipulation of those sites, in particular intracranial injections of drugs of abuse (Carlezon and Wise, 1996; Carr and White, 1983; Phillips ...
... idea that there is an anatomically identifiable reward circuit (Olds and Milner, 1954). Support for the existence of such a circuit came with pharmacological manipulation of those sites, in particular intracranial injections of drugs of abuse (Carlezon and Wise, 1996; Carr and White, 1983; Phillips ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion. ...
... correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion. ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... Barbas, 1988). On the other hand, lateral prefrontal areas, such as area 10, have a role in cognitive tasks, including extracting relevant auditory signals from noise and in specialized working memory tasks (e.g. Chao and Knight, 1997, 1998; Koechlin et al., 1999). The termination in auditory associ ...
... Barbas, 1988). On the other hand, lateral prefrontal areas, such as area 10, have a role in cognitive tasks, including extracting relevant auditory signals from noise and in specialized working memory tasks (e.g. Chao and Knight, 1997, 1998; Koechlin et al., 1999). The termination in auditory associ ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that prefrontal projections to TRN in rhesus monkeys have a different topographic organization and mode of termination. Prefrontal cor ...
... Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that prefrontal projections to TRN in rhesus monkeys have a different topographic organization and mode of termination. Prefrontal cor ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... reverse: TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCA- current recorded in layer II/III pyramidal neuron (left) is completely blocked in the presence of the 5-HT antagonist, WAY-100635 1A GAGGAAGGTGCTCTTTGG) were used to (30 nM; 10 min; center). The bar chart summarizes the amplitude of the peak serotonin current in laye ...
... reverse: TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCA- current recorded in layer II/III pyramidal neuron (left) is completely blocked in the presence of the 5-HT antagonist, WAY-100635 1A GAGGAAGGTGCTCTTTGG) were used to (30 nM; 10 min; center). The bar chart summarizes the amplitude of the peak serotonin current in laye ...
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
... monkey was removed from the head-holder and anesthesia discontinued. The monkey was extubated when a swallowing reflex was evident, returned to the home cage, and monitored continuously until normal posture was regained (usually within 10 min). Treatment with analgesics and antibiotics continued fol ...
... monkey was removed from the head-holder and anesthesia discontinued. The monkey was extubated when a swallowing reflex was evident, returned to the home cage, and monitored continuously until normal posture was regained (usually within 10 min). Treatment with analgesics and antibiotics continued fol ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The time courses of tactics (green) and action (red) selectivity were computed consecutivel ...
... Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The time courses of tactics (green) and action (red) selectivity were computed consecutivel ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
Prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe. The PFC contains Brodmann areas 9, 10, 11, 12, 46, and 47.Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. Destruction of the anterior two-thirds results in deficits in concentration, orientation, abstracting ability, judgment, and problem solving ability; destruction of the orbital (frontal) lobe results in inappropriate social behavior.The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social ""control"" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes).Frontal cortex supports concrete rule learning. More anterior regions along the rostro-caudal axis of frontal cortex support rule learning at higher levels of abstraction.