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CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY  H.
CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H.

... either to visual or auditory stimuli, but not both.24-31-39 In addition to this partial segregation of modalities at the single-cell level, there are also regional variations within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as demonstrated by physiologic and behavioral studies. For example, even though th ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates

... Global versus Local Architecture and Connections A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, su ...
Insular cortex – review
Insular cortex – review

... by imagining the properties of our favorite foods. Craving specific ...
Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex
Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex

... a variety of higher cognitive functions. Several models of working memory have been proposed [30]. The most influential model of working memory was the one proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) [19] and Baddeley (1986) [31]. Baddeley’s original model of working memory included one master component ( ...
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala

... skin conductance responses made it feasible to extract concurrent brain and arousal responses to individual face stimuli. To examine fMRI BOLD responses in relation to skin conductance responses, we first formed two subsets of fear stimuli for each subject, referred to as “with-arousal” and “without ...
~  Pergamon
~ Pergamon

... of diaphorase-positive neurons was approximately four times higher in olfactory areas than in eulaminate areas (areas 9, 10, 12, 46, and 8), and two- to three-times higher in the agranular limbic area PAll than in eulaminate areas. Positive neurons were concentrated" in a deep band (layers V and VI) ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to

... specialization of area 10 in working memory functions and area 32 in emotional communication. These findings suggest diversity in inhibitory control by distinct prefrontal pathways. Keywords: auditory association cortex, calbindin, inhibitory neurons, laminar connections, parvalbumin Introduction At ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College

... Figure 12.2a-b Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events

... effects can be detected after only minutes of experience, they probably continue to develop over longer periods of time (hours to days) and are thought to be mediated by synaptic plasticity28. Effects that are similar to the repetition-related phenomena observed in neural activity can also be seen i ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions

... subjects [20]. Changes in neural and metabolic activities of the mPFC were also reported in patients with anxiety and MDs. In this respect, most neuroimaging studies demonstrated a decrease in neural activity of ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging

... to integrate the sensory characteristics of a stimulus-object (Carmichael and Price, 1996). The OFC can attach an emotional valence to the stimulus-object through its relationship with the amygdala (Barbas and De Olmos, 1990; Morecraft et al., 1992). Furthermore, it can evaluate these characteristic ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences

... In a recent comparison of IL and PL projections in the rat, we showed that, with a few exceptions, PL and IL distribute differently throughout the brain (Vertes, 2004). These differential patterns of projections are summarized in Fig. 1. As illustrated (Fig. 1), IL distributes significantly to: (1) ...
12 - Dr. Jerry Cronin
12 - Dr. Jerry Cronin

... Multimodal Association Areas • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex • Allows meaning to information received, store in memory, tying to previous experience, and deciding on actions • Sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious – ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior

... Abstract The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementa ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions

... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions

... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
Cortex - Anatomy and Physiology
Cortex - Anatomy and Physiology

... Multimodal Association Areas • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex • Allows meaning to information received, store in memory, tying to previous experience, and deciding on actions • Sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious – ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL

... in the monkey from the point of view of its electrophysiological features. As for other features, the presence of the movement-related neurons was defined (71) as active due to the occurrence of some sensory signals. ...
12 - Mrs. Jensen's Science Classroom
12 - Mrs. Jensen's Science Classroom

... Multimodal Association Areas • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex • Allows meaning to information received, store in memory, tying to previous experience, and deciding on actions • Sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious – ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU

... children are not usually placed on a restricted diet. Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, ...
powerpoint lecture
powerpoint lecture

... • Most of cortex works together via complex connections – Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas – Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making

... Each participant chose from the same foods and colors, but compared different sets of people. This was necessary to ensure that the people were familiar to each subject. For the ‘‘people’’ section of the task, subjects first sorted a larger set of photographs into those they recognized and those they ...
The Nervous System Introduction Organization of Neural Tissue
The Nervous System Introduction Organization of Neural Tissue

... Cerebral Motor Activity • Primary motor cortex – Most of the neurons here control muscles with the most precise motor control – the face, tongue, and hands – Individual neurons must work together to coordinate movement – Neurons that control related movements intermingle ...
prenatal formation of cortical input and development of
prenatal formation of cortical input and development of

... Goldman and Galkin, 1978) and the refinement of neuroanatomical tracing techniques (Cowan et al., 1972) have made it possible to obtain such information. The present investigation was designed to address several basic developmental questions. The first goal was to determine the timetable for the for ...
Goal-direction and top-down control
Goal-direction and top-down control

... Specifically, we suggest goal-directed behaviour uses two complementary systems that can explicitly learn the relationships between actions and outcomes: the basal ganglia (BG) allows simple, fixed, goal-directed behaviours to be quickly learned, whereas the prefrontal cortex (PFC) gradually learns ...
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Prefrontal cortex



In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe. The PFC contains Brodmann areas 9, 10, 11, 12, 46, and 47.Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. Destruction of the anterior two-thirds results in deficits in concentration, orientation, abstracting ability, judgment, and problem solving ability; destruction of the orbital (frontal) lobe results in inappropriate social behavior.The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social ""control"" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes).Frontal cortex supports concrete rule learning. More anterior regions along the rostro-caudal axis of frontal cortex support rule learning at higher levels of abstraction.
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