Download Self-Guided Study for Chapter 12 and Review

Biology 2121 – Study Guide Chapter 12
I. Areas to Review
1. Know the structure of the hemispheres: lobes, fissures, gyri, sulci, etc. Know the purpose of the commissures and the
different types.
2. Know where the ventricles are located and their functions.
3. Know the function and contents of Cerebral Spinal Fluid
4. Know the structure and function of the blood brain barrier.
5. Know the structure of the cerebral cortex: size, location, motor vs sensory areas, etc.
6. Know the significance of the Broadmann’s areas
7. Know the functions of the individual motor and sensory areas found in the cerebral cortex.
8. Know the function and purpose of the association areas.
9. Define lateralization. Relate this to right and left brain functions.
10. Know the parts of the basal nuclei and its function.
11. Know the 3 parts of the diencephalon: structure and function
12. Know the three parts of the brain stem: structure and function
13. Know how the hypothalamus is related to the pituitary gland: hormones, etc.
14. Know the structure of the cerebellum. Know the function of the cerebellum.
15. Describe how the cerebellum and the motor cortex communicate to plan muscle movements.
16. Know the functions of the peduncles in the brain stem.
17. Know the parts of the limbic system and its overall function.
18. Know the parts and general structure of the spinal cord.
19. Distinguish between the pattern of gray and white matter in the brain and spinal cord.
20. What is gray matter made of? White matter made of?
21. Know the inner structure of the spinal cord: horns of gray, central canal and gray commissure.
22. Know how the horns of gray and the motor and sensory neurons are related.
23. Know the general functions of a motor and sensory neuron.
24. Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the CNS.
25. Distinguish between first, second and third order neurons.
II. Additional Information to Cover (some may be covered in your notes)
1. Cerebral Cortex – Motor Areas
Area
Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s Area
Frontal Eye Field
Function
 Pyramidial cells form corticospinal tracts
 Control precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
 Most of the neurons control muscles in body having precise motor control such as head
parts and hands
 Contralateral control – right side brain controls left, vise-versa
 Controls motor skills and muscles that control these movements
 Patterned movements
 Supplies about 15% of all pyramidal tract fibers
 Involved in planning movements
 Left hemisphere only
 Motor speech area
 Preparation and planning for speech
 Controls voluntary eye movement
2. Cerebral Cortex – Sensory Areas
Area
Function
Primary Somotosensory
Cortex
Somatosensory Association
Cortex
Primary Visual Cortex
Primary Auditory Cortex
Olfactory Cortex
Gustatory Cortex
Visceral Sensory Areas
Vestibular Cortex
 Sensory information incoming from skin, proprioceptors in skeletal muscles, joints, etc.
 Most of these sensory neurons are committed to the head, hand and mouth region.
 Integrates temperature, pressure and crude sensory information and relays this to the primary
cortex.
 Helps us to understand what we feel, texture, etc.
 Receives sensory information from the retina relays to the primary visual cortex.
 Visual association area helps to make sense of what we see by using past visual images
 Works in conjunction with the primary visual cortex.
 Receives sensory information from the cochlea of the ear via cranial nerve VIII.
 Auditory association area helps us to perceive what we are hearing.
 Receives information from the nose sensory receptors via the olfactory nerve I.
 Receives information from the taste buds via several cranial nerves
 Receives input from visceral organs
 Receives information from the vestibule in the ear via CN VIII
 Information concerning balance and equilibrium.
3. Multimodal Association Areas
Allows for all areas of the cortex to be connected and allow for communication between areas. For example:
 Sensory tracts (ascending) bring information to the sensory cortex areas which relay this information to the association
cortex areas. This information is then relayed to the multimodal association areas.
 Here we make final sense of what we are sensing and this information may be stored.
 This sensory information is relayed onto the motor cortex area
Area
Anterior Association Area
Posterior Association Area
Limbic Association Area
Function
 Prefrontal Cortex
 Intellect, complex learning, personality, working memory, production of abstract ideas,
judgement.
 Develops slowly in children
 Temporal, Parietal and occipital lobes
 Recognizes patterns and faces
 Understanding of emotion and impact of emotion
IV. Brain Wave Patterns
1. Now the purpose of an EEG.
2. Distinguish between alpha, beta, theta and delta waves.
3. Compare NREM sleep to REM sleep
4. Compare Long-Term memory to Short-Term memory.
5. Know the parts of the brain most associated with memory.