* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Each of these case histories involves damaged areas of the brain
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Affective neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Cortical cooling wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy of the cerebellum wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Evoked potential wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Each of these case histories involves damaged areas of the brain and/or cerebral cortex. If the cortex cannot communicate with other brain areas or other cortical areas we are unable to perceive or interpret much of our surroundings. So, while most of these answers do not mention the cerebral cortex directly, it is implied that the cerebral cortex is not getting the information needed to properly integrate and interpret information. The answers are listed below along with a few websites where you can find additional information. 1) The regions damaged by the iron rod were the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Based on what we have learned, we can hypothesize that the limbic system was most likely injured since it acts as the link between higher cognitive functions and primitive emotional responses. The limbic system contains the cingulate gyrus, which plays a role in emotions, and the amygdala, which is involved in emotion and memory. Since we can tell from the story that he definitely exhibited different emotions, we can hypothesize that these areas were injured. 2) Walking normally will depend upon sensory as well as motor control structures. Damage to leg nerves and muscles could impair walking, as could damage to spinal cord areas that control the muscles, and spinal cord areas that mediate relevant sensation from legs and feet. Damage to the spinal tract to and from the brain could interfere with brain influences on walking. Motor control areas in the brain that could be damaged include the cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Also, damage to any area containing tracts to and from motor control areas could prevent normal signals from influencing motor output. 3) Damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex paralyzes the body muscles controlled by these areas. If the stroke is in the left hemisphere, the right side of the body will be weak or paralyzed. 4) For blindness, damaged areas may include the optic nerves or the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. For loss of normal eye movement, damage to the midbrain or the oculomotor or trochlear nerves may be responsible. 5) One of the simplest mechanisms for maintaining fluid balance is the thirst mechanism. Normally, when a person is thirsty, he or she drinks because the thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated. In this patient's confused and combative state, she is probably refusing (frontal Lobe) or forgetting (damage to hypothalamus or tracts leading to hypothalamus) to eat or drink, thereby developing dehydration. 6) Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient fails to cross the bloodbrain barrier. Treatment with the dopamine precursor L-dopa, however, is effective, as this molecule can cross the barrier. However, L-dopa can only be used for a short period of time before adversely affecting the nervous system. 7) Visual agnosia.. Damage to visual association areas prevents Mr. P from “making sense” of what he sees. Damage to visual association areas do not allow the brain to make connections between the sensory information received by the visual cortex and experience. Patients may be able to describe an object that they see but not be able to “recognize” the object. This is a case history from Oliver Sacks. Mr. P is “The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat” For more information you can read his book of the same name or see this website. <http//webfusion.net.nz/oliver_sacks_dr.p.html> 8) Korsakov’s syndrome. Damage to neurons occurs due to a lack of thiamine (Vitamin B1). There are several symptoms associated with alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome. Damage to the mammillary bodies as well as portions of the thalamus have been linked to this disease. As much as I hate to say this….Wikipedia has a short, easy to follow description of this syndrome. This is also a case history from Oliver Sacks’ book ‘The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat’ <http://en.wikipedia.org/wili/Korsakoff’s_syndrome> 9) Alzhiemer’s is a form of dementia in which neural tangles or plaques form within the brain. There are many resources regarding this disease. I have listed several below: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.alz.org/ www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers 10) The Medulla Oblongata and Hypothalamus both play a role in vomiting. The Vestibulocochlear nerve provides information regarding equilibrium. When a brain is injured, it will often swell. This swelling will put pressure on all parts of the brain. 11) Individuals with ADHD show differences in the following areas of the brain: prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and the tracts connecting these areas of the brain. Here is a link to an article you can read. Sorry, I the article is difficult to understand, however is the best source I could find. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07110.x/full 12) When the skin is broken by an animal bite some cutaneous receptors are physically damaged. It is through these damaged axons that the virus gains entrance to the neuron. Retrograde axoplasmic transport carries the virus to the central nervous system, where it can reproduce and spread. 13) Ramón has a damaged left femoral nerve. This nerve also supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the anteromedial surface of the thigh and medial surfaces of the leg and foot, so he will also experience numbness in those regions. 14) Patients suffering from Bell's palsy usually experience paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side along with a loss of sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Pain is rare and the condition usually resolves without specific treatment. 15) This region of the brain contains the centers for regulating the cardiovascular system and initiating respiration, both vital to life. In addition, most sensory and motor tracts pass through the medulla oblongata between higher and lower centers of the nervous system. 16) A.The cerebrum is involved in conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various sensory areas of the cortex will detect the mis-step, falling, and landing on the ground. Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing yourself off. B.The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. C.The limbic system is involved in emotion. This is where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise.