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Brain Flashcards
1.
What are the 4 major anatomical regions of the
brain?
2. What are the two regions in the diencephalon?
3. What are the three regions of the brain stem?
4. Why is proper nutrition important to the brain,
and what is the main nutrient it requires?
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain stem, and Cerebellum
5.
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
The brain is one of the few organs that can only use
glucose to get ATP as its energy source. Therefore,
without some sugar in our bloodstream, the brain will
die.
Cerebrum
What region of the brain is responsible for
logical thought and conscious awareness?
6. What region of the brain is responsible for the
highest sensory and motor activity?
7. What is the purpose of having gyri and sulci in
the brain?
8. What structure separates the two cerebral
9. hemispheres?
10. What is the largest portion of the brain?
11. What is the second largest portion of the brain?
12. Is the CEREBRUM made of grey matter or
white matter?
13. What is grey matter made up of?
14. What is white matter made up of?
15. What are the two halves of the cerebrum called?
16. What area connects the right and left halves of
the brain?
17. What would be the effect of cutting the corpus
callosum?
18. What disorder has problems with
communication between the right and left halves
of the brain?
19. What does the left side of the brain control?
20. What does the right side of the brain control?
21. What part of the brain sorts out all the
unnecessary sensory information?
22. What region of the brain provides homeostatic
control over the body?
23. What part of the brain that exerts more control
over autonomic functioning than any other part?
24. What is the main visceral control center of the
brain?
Cerebrum
The gyri and sulci increase the surface area, and the
surface is where the information processing is.
Longitudinal fissure
CEREBRUM is the largest portion of the brain
Cerebellum is the second largest portion of the brain
Cerebrum is made of grey matter
Grey matter is made of cell bodies, dendrites,
neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons.
White matter is made of myelinated axons
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES.
CORPUS CALLOSUM
The right cerebral hemisphere cannot communicate
directly with the left hemisphere. It does not interfere
with vision or hearing, and does not cause paralysis.
However, it does interfere with being able to speak for
a while after the surgery.
Autism is a neurological disease that includes problems
with communication between the right and left cerebral
hemispheres.
Critical thinking. NOTE: planning and judgment are
NOT in the left side of the brain…that is the entire
frontal lobe.
Emotions
THALAMUS
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus
hypothalamus.
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25. What does the hypothalamus control?
26. What are the three parts of the brain stem?
27. What part of the brain controls automatic
behaviors, such as fight-or-flight?
28. What part of the brain controls visual and
29. audio REFLEXES?
30. What part of the brain is involved in addictions
and in initiating body movement? Where is it
located?
31. What neurotransmitter does it secrete?
32. Damage to the substantia nigra causes
33. What are two symptoms of Parkinson’s
Disease?
34. What part of the brain relays sensory
information between the cerebellum and
cerebrum?
35. What part of the brain controls autonomic
functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and
heart rate?
36. What part of the brain plays a role in rousing
and maintaining consciousness? Where is it
located?
37. What does melatonin do in humans?
38. What part of the brain makes melatonin?
39. What part of the brain is the BIOLOGICAL
CLOCK and is responsible for jet lag?
40. What is the second largest portion of the brain?
What’s its function?
41. The PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX contains
what type of neurons?
42. What does the PRIMARY MOTOR
ASSOCIATION AREA do?
43. What area of the brain contains the motor
homunculus?
44. What is the motor homunculus?
45. Are all body parts equally represented by cell
Temperature, autonomic nervous reflexes, glucose and
hormone levels, and the visceral reflexes
(digestion, sweating, hunger, thirst, and sleep). It
does NOT control blood pressure directly.
Brain stem: PONS, MIDBRAIN, and MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
MIDBRAIN
The CORPORA QUADRAGEMINI
They send the information to the MIDBRAIN for
processing
The SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, which is in the
MIDBRAIN
Substatia nigra secretes DOPAMINE
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Trouble starting movements
Pill-rolling tremor at rest
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (note: it does NOT control
hunger and sleep)
RETICULAR FORMATION.
It is located throughout the brainstem
Allows circadian rhythms (sleep cycles; what time of
day you feel like sleeping or waking)
Pineal gland (pineal body)
PINEAL GLAND (pineal body)
The CEREBELLUM is the second largest portion of
the brain, and is responsible for being able to balance.
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX : UPPER MOTOR
NEURONS
Leaned motor skills and
Planning movement
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
A drawing of a man that represents how many neuron
cell bodies we have that innervate each region of our
body.
No. For instance, the lips and hands are drawn large to
Brain Flashcards
density in the motor area in proportion to their
size in the body?
46. What area of the brain receives signals for
touch, temperature, pressure, and pain?
47. What area of the brain interprets signals for
touch, temperature, pressure, and pain?
48. The center for vision in the cerebral cortex is
located in which lobe of the brain?
49. What area of the brain receives signals from the
eyes by way of CN II?
50. What area of the brain interprets signals from
the eyes?
51. What is the effect of damage to Brodmann areas
18 and 19?
52. What area of the brain receives signals from
sounds from the cochlear nerve?
53. What area of the brain interprets signals from
sounds?
54. What region of the brain allows for speech?
Stroke in this area can cause what?
55. What region of the brain allows for
understanding of words?
56. Where is the primary gustatory (taste) cortex?
57. Which lobe coordinates PLANNING AND
JUDGMENT?
represent the many cells in the motor area that
innervate those regions.
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
58. What procedure was done to people who were
overly aggressive?
Frontal lobotomy
59. Do neurons regenerate?
No
60. What part of the brain controls memory of
events?
HIPPOCAMPUS
61. Where are memories stored in the brain?
SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA
occipital lobe
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA
Damage to Brodmann areas 18 and 19 causes inability
to recognize what one sees
PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA
Broca’s area
Stroke here can cause aphasia (unable to speak)
Wernicke’s area
In the insula of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
They are stored throughout the brain, especially in the
cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
62. What is anterograde amnesia?
63. What is retrograde amnesia?
64. What is a stroke?
can’t remember anything new
can’t remember the past
Something which deprives an area of the brain of
oxygen; usually from a blood clot or hemorrhage in the
brain (broken blood vessel)
65. What is the most likely cause of amnesia?
66. What is dementia?
Stroke
Dementia is loss of memory. It is a symptom, not a
disease
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67. What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
68. In what system of the brain is memory,
emotion, and smell linked?
69. The mammillary bodies are part of what region
of the brain?
70. What is the function of the mammillary bodies?
71. How can you damage the mammillary bodies,
and what disorder does it cause?
72. What does the fornix do?
73. What part of the brain controls balance and
coordination?
74. What is the tough meningeal layer called?
Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common form of
dementia.
The LIMBIC SYSTEM
They are part of the diencephalon (thalamus and
hypothalamus area). They are also part of the limbic
system.
They relay recognition memory and add the sense of
smell to memories.
They are damaged by thiamine (vitamin B) deficiency
or by alcohol. The disorder is Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome (anterograde amnesia)
Carries signals from the hippocampus to the
mammillary bodies
CEREBELLUM
dura mater.
75. What meningeal layer is between the dura mater ARACHNOID MATER
and pia mater?
76. Which one of the meninges follows the brain
surface into a cerebral sulcus?
77. Where is Cerebrospinal fluid located?
78. The subaracbnoid space lies between
79. what two layers of meninges
80. What type of injection is between L3 and
81. L4, above the dura mater, so only the
82. nerves are affected?
83. What makes CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID?
84. Where is CSF located?
85. What are the functions of CSF?
86. What causes HYDROCEPHALY?
87. What two types of organisms cause
MENINGITIS? Which one is worse?
88. What is the main symptom of meningitis?
89. What test is done to diagnose meningitis?
90. What is infection of the brain called and how is
pia mater
Ventricles and subarachnoid space
arachnoid and pia
An epidural.
Ependymal cells in the choroid plexus, which is in the
ventricles.
Ventricles and the subarachnoid space.
1. Allows the brain to float.
2. It cushions.
3. Acts as the lymphatic system of the brain (it
doesn’t have one).
This is usually congenital, caused by a blockage of the
cerebral aqueduct. Can be caused by a tumor in adults
Can be caused from virus (not that bad) or bacteria (can
be fatal).
The main symptom is a headache
SPINAL TAP
ENCEPHALITIS
Brain Flashcards
it caused?
91. Define subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
92. Name the main ventricles of the brain, and
which is largest?
93. Define CSF: What fluid is it similar to?
94. Where is it made?
95. What structure makes it?
96. What type of capillaries does it come out of,
and to where does it spread
97. Define closed head injury
98. What are four ways that aging affects the
nervous system?
99. What machine is used to measure brain wave
activity?
100. What are the 4 types of brain waves?
101. What are alpha waves?
102. What are beta waves?
103. What are theta waves?
104. What are delta waves?
105. What are two main therapies for brain tumors?
106. What does Avastin do?
107. What is VEGF?
108. What part of the brain is first affected by
alcohol?
109. What does alcohol do to a fetus
110. What are some problems with nicotine?
111. What effect does cocaine have on the brain?
112. What are the withdrawal symptoms of heroin?
113. What are some negative effects of marijuana on
the nervous system?
It can be caused by mosquito-borne
illnesses, or bacteria
The dura and arachnoid mater both have lots
Of blood vessels, which might rupture
Potentially fatal – blood accumulates and squeezes the
brain. Tx = drill a hole
Lateral ventricle (largest)
Third ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Similar to plasma be/c it is derived from plasma
Made in the 3rd and 4th ventricle by the CHOROID
PLEXUS
There are fenestrated capillaries there; the fluid spreads
into the subarachnoid space
Brain hits inside of the skull
Decline in sensory functions, motor function, short
term memory, and insomnia
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta
Active during wakeful relaxation (meditation, prayer)
Active when learning, thinking
Active when just falling asleep
Active during deep sleep
Gamma knife radiation therapy
Tumor-starving medicines (Avastin)
Blocks VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
A chemical our cells make that causes blood vessels to
grow toward the cell to feed it. This chemical is made
in excess by cancer cells which need excess nutrients.
Cerebellum
Fetal alcohol syndrome (most common cause of mental
retardation in the USA)
It is highly addictive. It also increases the heart rate and
blood pressure. Withdrawal symptoms include
headache, irritability, and insomnia.
Depletes dopamine (causes Parkinson’s symptoms)
sweating, shakes, abdominal cramps, and an increase in
heart rate
alteration in vision, judgment, and motor coordination
Brain Flashcards