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Nervous System Guided Notes Name:___________________ Class:______ Do Now Which “fact” is false? 1) All body functions are controlled and regulated by the nervous system 2) There are more neurons in the brain then there are stars in the Milky Way galaxy 3) The left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain and vice-versa 4) The brain reaches maturity at around 25 years of age. Nervous System Functions The nervous system has three major functions: 1. 2. 3. 1) _____________________________ – the body gathers information, or _________________________ from the internal or external environment Ex) seeing a bright light 2) _____________________________– the body processes information and makes a decision about what should be done Example: “decision” to initiate flight – or- fight response 3) _______________________________– the body activates muscles or glands to effect a response. Example: moving your arm to grab a chip Which function(s) are demonstrated in these examples? You hear a buzzing sound. You weigh the pros and cons of two different universities, and make a choice. You move your leg You touch a hot stove and jerk your hand back. Nervous System Organization Structurally, the nervous system is organized into The _______________________________________, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and which acts to integrate (interpret & issue instructions for) stimuli The ________________________________________, which consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These receive stimuli and effect responses in muscles and glands. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into: 1) _______________________________or sensory neurons - bring stimuli to CNS -- affect the body by internal or external information 2) _______________________________or motor neurons -- cause muscles or glands to respond -- effect a change / response Mneumonic : A (afferent) comes before E (efferent) – must have sensory stimuli before you can have a response The efferent / motor neurons can be further divided into: 1) _______________________________ - neurons that control skeletal muscles - mostly voluntary 2) ____________________________________ -- neurons that control smooth and cardiac muscle and glands - involuntary Determine which parts of the nervous system are involved in these: You hear a buzzing sound. You weigh the pros and cons of two different universities, and make a choice. You move your leg You touch a hot stove and jerk your hand back. Neuroglia All nervous tissue cells _______________________________ are known as neuroglia, or glial cells. Neuroglia means “nerve glue”. CNS Neuroglia __________________________________ (star-cell) __________________________________________________ protect neurons from harmful materials. “blood brain barrier” Control flow of blood through brain (what is measured in MRI) __________________________________________________ change shape release calcium and ‘glial transmitters’; uptaking ions and neurotransmitters Digest waste Moderate the behavior of neurons ____________________________________________________ Shaped like astrocytes, but smaller, and don’t connect neurons to blood vessels ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Line the cavities of the brain and the spinal cord ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Each oligodendrocyte wraps around the axons of several neurons Allow for efficient nerve impulse propagation PNS Neuroglia ___________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Many Schwann cells per neuron Give peripheral neurons some ability to regenerate ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Function not fully understood – may have similar function as astrocytes?? Think, Pair, Share Identify the two PNS glial cells, determine which cells in the CNS have similar function, and describe the similarities and differences in each pair of cells. Identify two similarities and one difference between astrocytes and microglia Explain the location and function of ependymal cells Neuron Anatomy The ________________________ contains the nucleus and organelles • _________________________ is rough ER • _________________________ are intermediate filaments _______________________________ carry information. • • ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________. • __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. • There may be 100’s of dendrites, but only 1 or 2 axons. • The end of the axon branches into 100’s or 1000’s of axon terminals ___________________________ wrap around most PNS axons, forming the myelin sheath. • ____________________________ are gaps in the myelin sheath / spaces between Schwann cells. Nerve Impulses and Reflexes Irritability and Conductivity Individual neurons have two major functional properties: irritability and conductivity. Irritability = ability to ________________________________________ and _____________________________ ______________________________________ Conductivity = ability to _______________________________________ to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Irritability What types of stimulus trigger nerve impulses? ______________________________________________________________ (e.g. touch, temperature, pressure, tension, sight, hearing, chemical) All ___________________________ (interneurons, motor neurons) ___________________________________ released by other neurons What is a nerve impulse? A quick switch in ___________________________________________________________________________ that travels all the way along the axon of the neuron Occurs due to flow of ions across the membrane All – or – nothing Resting Potential Neurons at rest have an ____________________________________ across the cell membrane, known as the resting potential. The resting potential is approximately -70mV. The resting potential is maintained by: __________________________________________________ (3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+ pumped in) ___________________________________________________ (K+ can diffuse back out to some degree) ________________________________ (- ions) within cell Action Potential An action potential involves the rapid depolarization and repolarization of the membrane. Steps of an Action Potential 1) When a stimulus is applied to a nerve, _________________________, allowing Na+ to diffuse in. 2) Once a threshold is reached, _________________________, causing _________________ of the membrane. When the membrane is depolarized, the inside of the membrane is ______________________ than the outside. 3) Membrane _____________________ occurs when Na+ gates close and K+ gates open, allowing net ___________ _______________________ outside. Repolarization ________________________________ ___________________ (more negatively charged inside) 4) The K+ gates close and the resting potential is maintained by the Na+ / K+ pump Turn and Talk At rest, what ions are most abundant outside the cell, and which are most abundant inside the cell? Which side of the membrane is more negative at rest? Describe how the movement of ions causes Depolarization Repolarization Nerve Impulse Propagation The nerve impulse moves along the axon. The change in voltage of one area triggers the depolarization of the next area. Repolarization follows immediately. In myelinated neurons the impulse “jumps” from node to node, rather than traveling the whole length of the axon – makes the impulse transmission much more efficient. Conductivity Synapses • • The __________________________________________________________________ is called a synapse Chemicals called _______________________________ carry the nerve impulse across the synapse. Steps of synaptic transmission 1. The nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal. 2. Ca+ gates open, allowing Ca+ into the axon. 3. The Ca+ causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to empty into the synapse 4. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors of the next neuron. 5. Na+ channels open in the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron 6. Post-synaptic neuron depolarizes 7. Remaining neurotransmitter is broken down. Brain Structure and Function The brain is divided into four main regions: _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Cerebrum Largest region Responsible for _______________________________________________: ◦ speech ◦ memory ◦ reasoning ◦ emotion ◦ consciousness ◦ interpretation of sensation ◦ voluntary movement Divided into left and right hemispheres Wrinkled texture ◦ Raised areas called ___________________ ◦ Shallow grooves called ____________________ Deep groves called _______________________ The outer part of the cerebrum – called the _________________________________________-is composed of gray matter Gray matter = ________________________ ____________________________________ This is where thought, sensation, etc. occur The inner part of the cerebrum is mostly white matter White matter = ______________________ ____________________________________ This is the connection between different regions of the brain The _________________________________________ is one especially important area of white matter – it’s the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon structure The diencephalon consists of three parts: __________________________ __________________________ (completely enclosed by thalamus) __________________________ Regulation of autonomic functions, including ◦ __________________________________ ◦ __________________________________ ◦ __________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________– emotional / visceral brain (sex, food, thirst, pain, pleasure) Brain Stem The brain stem consists of three parts ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Controls many autonomic functions, including: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Allows passage of nerve fibers between brain and spinal cord Cerebellum Back of the brain, beneath cerebrum Like cerebrum, it has o Two hemispheres o Wrinkled surface o Outer cortex made of gray matter outside Functions: _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Following a stroke, a person develops the symptoms listed below. In each case, which part of the brain was injured? Ataxia (an inability to coordinate muscular movement) Drooping left side of face Cerebrospinal Fluid Fluid that surrounds and protects brain and spinal cord Produced by the _________________________ from blood plasma, and drains back into the blood Some diseases can be diagnosed by examining CSF collected during a spinal tap Which glial cells are involved with CSF? What do they do? Blood brain barrier Protects the brain from toxins, most drugs, and fluctuations in other chemicals such as ions Two major barriers ◦ ___________________________________________ ◦ ___________________________ which control flow ofmaterials from blood vessels to neurons Why is the blood brain barrier necessary? Does the blood brain barrier block the passage of alcohol? Brain Injuries and Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic Divisions Traumatic Brain Injury Leading cause of accidental death among all people in US ○ 1.7 million experience TBI each year… … causing ~52,000 deaths each year Leading cause of all death and disability among US children ○ ~500,000 children visit ER with TBI each year Causes of Brain Injury ___________________ & _______________________ are leading causes Sports-related are grouped in the struck/by against Important to understand that the damage is caused not just by the blow, but also by the brain ______________________________________________________________________________ Concussion – Mild injury (though still serious) _______________________________________________ (such as severing of connections between neurons) Symptoms Dizziness, nausea, inability to concentrate, memory difficulties, sensitivity to light or sound, mood changes, sleep changes Treatment _________________________________________________________________ VERY IMPORTANT TO PREVENT SECONDARY IMPACT! Contusion – Localized tissue bruising / destruction Often occurs with _______________________________ (extensive bleeding in the brain) Often causes __________________________________________ (brain swelling), which can be fatal if the pressure isn’t relieved Symptoms Same as concussion, but more often include __________________________________, ___________________________, ______________________________ Can be seen on MRI / CT More likely to cause permanent loss of function or death Misconception alert! A contusion is not simply a more severe concussion. You can have a concussion, or a contusion, or both. Cerebrovascular Accident (aka stroke) 3rd leading cause of death in US ________________________________ due to clot or bleeding in the brain Brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygen Treatment involves restoring blood flow through ______________________, blood thinners, shunts, etc. Long-term effects depend on location, size/degree of blockage, and speed of treatment The scenario... A semi-conscious young woman is brought to the hospital by friends after falling from a roof. She did not lose consciousness immediately, and she was initially lucid. After a while, though, she became confused and then unresponsive. Questions What is a likely explanation for her condition? What test(s) would you do? What treatment(s) might be necessary? What is her prognosis? Misconception alert! We are not usually in “sympathetic mode” or “parasympathetic mode” … rather, our body constantly uses the two types of neurons to maintain homeostasis (e.g. raising or lowering heartbeat, increasing or decreasing digestion, as needed). If SD and PD are both motor neurons, connecting in many cases to the same organs, HOW do they create opposite effects?