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OVERVIEW OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM This lecture will introduce you to the terms we will discuss throughout the rest of the semester ORGANIZEATION OF THE CNS How neurons and glia arranged? How does the CNS get its adult shape? How do we tell one part from another? What does each part of the brain do? Glial cells are smaller than neurons Many neurons synapsing on many neurons CNS: brain and spinal cord PNS: -special sensory -somatic: from muscles, joints, skin -visceral: info form gut -motor: spinal nerves to innervate neurons involved in gut functions Intercrosses brain: Sensory: crosses up Motor: crosses down Receptors can be far from synapse Brain neuron that projects to lumbar spinal cord is about 3 meters long Spinal motor neuron that projects to muscle that moves the big toes s about 2 meters long Sensory neuron that carries sensation from the toes to the brain is about 5 meters long HUMAN BRAIN Common: cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Differences: increasing amounts of fold---intelligence Weighs about 3 pounds -folds: more brain info into head HOW DOES THE CNS GET ITS ADULT SHAPE? EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM *understanding the embryology helps the understand both anatomy and function of the brain THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BEGEINS FROMING AROUND EMBRYONIC DAY 19 WHEN THE CELL LAYER CALED ECTODERM BEINGS TO FOLD Within a week, the neural plate closes to form the neural tube which extends the length of the embryo Neural plateneural tube Neural tube: becomes cell of CNS Cells of the neural tube become CNS cells Cells of the neural crest become PNS cells Neural Crest: PNS structures Sensory ganglia (e.g, dorsal root ganglia) Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) ganglia Schwann Cells Adrenal Medulla Digestive system Neural tube close begins in the middle of the embryo and proceeds in both directions Neural tube defects can occur when the neural tube fails to close in development Spina Bifida: Failure of caudal neural tube closure Anencephaly: (no head) Failure of rostral neural tube closure Folic Acid deficiency (70% of cases) High Glucose Levels Retinoic Acid excess (Vitamin A) Neural tube events occur early in development, often before a woman realizes she is pregnant THE NEURAL TUBE CHANGES SHAPE AS IT GROWS By week 4, 3 primary brain vesicles form Forebrain or prosencephalon Midbrain or mesencephalon Hindbrain or Rhombencephalon Unchanged neural tube (spinal cord) By week 5, 5 primary brain vesicles form *huge amount of spinal proliferation MUCH OF CNS DEVELOPMENT OCCURS POSTNATALLY CNS develops a lot before and afterbirth SUMMARY OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT **CHART ON THIS SLIDE IS VERY IMPORTANT AND SHOULD KNOW IT VENTRICLES: holes left from closing of neural tubes The fluid filled (CSF, cerebrospinal fluid) spaces within the brain resulting from neural tube closure Delivers nutrients and removes wastes! HOW DO WE TELL ONE PART FROM ANOTHER? WHAT DOES EACH PART OF THE BRAIN DO? CEREBRUM Largest part of brain Controls higher mental functions: -intellect -reason -learning -memory -planning -emotion CEREBRUM Divided into left and right hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure Sometimes called the interhemispheric fissures Subdivided into lobes with specialized functions 1. Frontal: personality 2. Parietal: sensory info 3. Temporal: hearing, points towards limbic function 4. Occipital: vision CEREBRUM: Cerebral Cortex Folds increase surface area Fissure: deep depression Left hemisphere: speech/critical thinking Right hemisphere: interpretation/face artistic -contains synapses/neurons THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN IS GRAY-WHITE-GRAY Gray cortex = neuron cell bodies + synapses White matter = axons Gray nuclei = groups of neurons with a common function CEREBRUM: THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Mostly located deep in the temporal lobe Learning/memory and emotion Hippocampus (temporal lobe) -Learning/memory Amygdala -emotion (especially fear) Nucleus accumbens -reward/addiction -driven by dopamine neurotransmitter CEREBRUM: THE BASAL GANGLIA Involved in fine tuning motor activities Especially starting and stopping motor activities -substania nigra: death of neurons making dopamine results in Parkinson’s disease DIENCEPHALON 4 COMPONENTS Located under cerebrum Links cerebrum and brainstem Major components: Thalamus-sensory relay Hypothalamus-homeostasis Pituitary bland-regulates hormone production Pineal gland-daily rhythms DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS Deep nucleus (switchboard) Smell goes straight through cortex Relays sensory info to cortex Relays motor info between cerebellum and cerebral cortex DIENCEPHAMON: HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUTARY GLAND Homeostasis: underneath thalamus Hypothalamus “homeostasis” -autonomic function -hormone production -emotion Pituitary Gland -major endocrine gland DIENCEPHALON Pineal Gland: Produces hormone Melatonin: -regulates sleep/wake “cycle” Circadian (daily) rhythms CEREBELLUM Second largest part of the brain Coordinates body movements 2 hemispheres (just like the cerebrum) Covered with cerebellar cortex (just like the cerebrum) -balance and coordination: ability to do motor functions smoothly THE BRAINSTEM: Controls the daily functions that keep you alive Most cranial nerves attach to brainstem Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum/cerebellum Tracts that carry information going up to a leaving the cerebral cortex run through the brainstem Includes: -midbrain -pons -medulla oblongata THE BRAINSTEM: MIDBRAIN Also called mesencephalon Superior colliculi – controls eye movements (light tracking) Inferior colliculi – play a role in sounds localization (sound tracking) Sunstantia nigra –neurons die in Parkinson’s disease BRAINSTEM: PONS Also called mesencephalon Connects cerebellum to brainstem Controls sensory and motor function for the face -motor neurons send through here BRAINSTEM: MEDULLA OBLONGATA Also called myelencephalon Regulates autonomic functions vital to life -heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and digestion Contains pacemakers SPINAL CORD Gray matter: inside White matter: outside Controls sensory and motor function for the body and viscera SPINAL CORD There is not gray cortex in the spinal cord. The spinal cord consists of a butterfly-shaped internal gray matter surrounded by white matter. Due to fixation of the tissue, the grey matter appears white and the white matter appears brown in this photograph