Download Biology 118 - Exam 2

Biology 118 - Exam 2
Oct. 27, 2010 - Version A
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Ach = acetylcholine
BBB = blood-brain barrier
Ca+2 = calcium ions
CNS = central nervous system
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
Cl- = chloride ion
K+ = potassium ion
Na+ = sodium ion
NE = norepinephrine, noradrenalin
PNS = peripheral nervous system
SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules = transverse tubules
1.
Both the
a.
b.
c.
d.
_____ have a rich supply of blood vessels but of these 2, only _____ repairs easily & quickly in most adults.
CNS & muscles – CNS
bones & cartilage – cartilage
tendons & cartilage – tendons
CNS & bone – bone *
2.
Calcitonin stimulates ______ activity when plasma Ca+2 is ________ in order to restore plasma Ca+2 to normal.
a. osteoblast – low
b. osteoblast – high *
c. osteoclast - low
d. osteoclast – high
3.
After learning that her 50 yr old mother has early signs of osteoporosis, Stella (25 yrs) decided to ______.
a. start smoking, since she is doomed to get osteoporosis anyway
b. stop eating dairy products (milk, cheese) to prevent osteoporosis
c. exercise more to decrease her risk of developing osteoporosis *
d. ask her doctor to increase her glucocorticosteroid medication
4.
Scientists have suspected that diets high in acid (eg. colas) or high in phosphate rich proteins could stimulate bone losses. Fig. 5
shows that a ______ diet stimulates bone loss.
a. highly acidic
b. highly alkaline
c. high phosphate
d. low phosphate *
5.
Myrtle (2 yrs old) & her family recently immigrated to Seattle from _____, so she has a > average risk of developing ______.
a. Zimbabwe – rickets *
b. Norway – rickets
c. Russia – spina bifida
d. China – spina bifida
6.
Which woman has the highest bone density, on average?
a. 25 yr old, with amenorrhea
b. 25 yr old, normal menstrual cycle *
c. 50 yr old, post-menopausal
d. 50 yr old, still menstruating
7.
The specialized cytoskeleton of a skeletal muscle cell is made up of ______, primarily.
a. SR
b. mitochondria
c. actin & myosin *
d. T-tubules
8.
Ca+2 ______ out of the _____ when the muscle cell is electrically excited.
a. diffuses – SR *
b. is actively transported – SR
c. diffuses – cell
d. is actively transported – cell
9.
When a skeletal muscle contracts, its ______ shorten by _______.
a. myofilaments – breaking down myosin
b. sarcomeres – moving the thin filament *
c. myofibers– deleting sarcomeres
d. cells – breaking down completely
10. A skeletal muscle cell can generate its greatest tension when its sarcomeres are at their _______ lengths.
a. shortest
b. maximum
c. “resting” *
d. moderately stretched
11. ______ can _______ in adults.
a. Myoblasts – repair minor muscle tissue damage *
b. Myoblasts – replace an entire muscle
c. Myocytes – undergo mitosis regularly
d. Myocytes – increase in number within muscles
12. Muscles & peripheral nerves use _____ tissue sheathing to give support to their long cells & the blood vessels that supply them.
a. epithelial
b. cartilaginous
c. bone
d. fibrous connective *
13. On average, an individual’s VO2 max _____ between the ages of 30 to 80 years, so an individual’s _____ capacity declines.
a. is constant - aerobic
b. increases - anaerobic
c. decreases – aerobic *
d. is constant – anaerobic
14. If you are in good aerobic condition, your leg muscles depend primarily on _____ to fuel their mitochondria, in order to cycle on the
Burke Gilman trail for 30 miles.
a. amino acids
b. creatine phosphate
c. glucose
d. fatty acids *
15. Red muscle fibers have more _______ than white fibers.
a. glycogen
b. myoglobin *
c. myofibrils
d. nuclei
16. A short, intense 100 m sprint leads to a build up of ______ that causes _______.
a. pyruvic acid – alkalosis
b. lactic acid – acidosis *
c. amino acids – fatigue
d. fatty acids – atherosclerosis
17. Fig. 6 shows that after _____ exercise sets(s), individuals have significantly increased their resting energy (KJ), above the baseline (at
time 0), for _____ day(s).
a. only 1 – 1
b. only 3 - 3
c. 1 or 3 – 3 *
d. 1 or 3 – 1
18. As you bend over to read this test for 50 min., your neck muscles are contracting ___________.
a. all of their motor units, synchronously
b. small, red fiber motor units, asynchronously *
c. large, white fiber motor units, synchronously
d. red then white fiber motor units, asynchronously
19. Scientists are trying to develop a way to move drugs across the ______ to target the CNS, by shrinking astrocytes & capillary cells
with a slightly _____ extracellular solution.
a. BBB – hypotonic
b. myelin sheath – hypertonic
c. meninges - hypotonic
d. BBB – hypertonic *
20. The axons of motor neurons contain _______ channels in their cell membranes, to transmit ________ potentials.
a. receptor-gated - generator
b. voltage-gated – action *
c. neurotransmitter-gated – synaptic
d. all – all types of
21. The _______ are found only within the CNS.
a. autonomic motor neurons
b. somatic motor neurons
c. interneurons *
d. sensory neurons
22. Elmer’s ________ produces 150 ml of CSF a day, so _______ ml of CSF must drain into the dural sinuses a day.
a. choroid plexus – 150 *
b. arachnoid layer – 250
c. choroid plexus – 250
d. arachnoid layer – 150
23. Schwann cells produce layers & layers of ________ to myelinate the _____ of some neurons.
a. collagen – axons
b. collagen - dendrites
c. phospholipid bilayer – axons *
d. phospholipid bilayer – dendrites
24. Patients suffering from meningitis may be treated with glucocorticosteroids to reduce inflammation & swelling. The meta-analysis in
Fig. 2 shows that treatment with glucocorticosteroids _______ the risk of deafness in the survivors.
a. significantly increased
b. significantly decreased *
c. had no effect on
d. caused
25. By age 25, your brain has more _______ but fewer _______ than at age 5.
a. myelin – synapses *
b. synapses – Schwann cells
c. dendrites – neuroglia
d. neurons – axons
26. The brain grows most rapidly between the ages of _______ years; this growth is driven by the rapid production of ______.
a. 0 to 3 – CSF
b. 5 to 10 - myelin
c. 0 to 3 – new neurons *
d. 5-10 – meninges
27. Vitamin _____ has been added to breads and cereals since 1998 in the U.S. to reduce the risk of _____ in newborns.
a. A – cataracts
b. B9, folic acid – neural tube defects *
c. C – epilepsy
d. D – night blindness
28. Fig. 1 shows how the drug DMSA can chelate (bind to) mercury & remove it from the _____, but DMSA can also ______.
a. liver – promote mercury delivery to the brain *
b. brain – remove mercury from the liver
c. liver – remove mercury from the brain
d. brain – promote mercury deliver to the liver
29. Which fish is likely to have the highest level of mercury contamination, on average?
a. Anchovies
b. Wild Salmon
c. Halibut *
d. Farmed Catfish
30. Lead poisoning can result in _______ in a child.
a. anemia (low red blood cell count)
b. mental retardation
c. kidney failure
d. all of these *
31. Fig. 4 shows that ______ physical activity & a _______ Mediterranean diet score, reduced the risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease
the most, in this group of elderly adults (ave. age 77 yrs) over this 12 year period.
a. no & low
b. some & moderate
c. high & high *
d. no & high
32. The resting membrane potential of a neuron requires that the leakage of K+ out of the neuron be _____ than the _____ of Na+ into the
neuron.
a. less - leakage
b. greater - leakage *
c. less - active transport
d. greater - active transport
33. Which structure helps maintain the normal (resting) intracellular & extracellular ion concentrations?
a. Na+-K+ pump *
b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel
c. Voltage-gated K+ channel
d. Receptor gated channels
34. Action potentials travel most rapidly down _____ axons. Demyelinating agents such as ____ can block action potentials.
a. large diameter, myelinated - calcium
b. small diameter, non-myelinated - Vitamin A
c. large diameter, myelinated - lead *
d. small diameter, non-myelinated - Vitamin D
35. A synaptic potential of _____ mV will produce ______ action potentials than these other signals on a neuron if resting membrane pot.
= -65 mV & the threshold = -60 mV.
a. -80 - more
b. -55 - more *
c. -65 - larger
d. -55 - larger
36. The “background” firing rate of action potentials (#/min.) in the CNS will ____ if the blood plasma drops below normal, to pH = 7.25.
a. increase
b. be impossible
c. decrease *
d. remain constant
37. A neurotransmitter that opens Cl- channels in a neuron will produce _________.
a. no change in the membrane potential
b. more action potentials
c. excitatory synaptic response
d. inhibitory synaptic response *
38. Put these events in order, following an action potential on a motor neuron: 1) potential at motor end plate above threshold, 2) crossbridge formation, 3) Ca+2 exit from SR, 4) action potential travels down T-tubules, 5) motor neuron releases neurotransmitter.
a. 5, 1, 4, 3, 2 *
b. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
c. 5, 1, 3, 4, 2
d. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
39. Which correctly describes the motor neuron & neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
a. Myelinated, Ach
b. Non-myelinated, Ach
c. Myelinated, NE
d. Non-myelinated, NE *
40. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic system can be called the _____ system because it tends to _____ heart rate.
a. rest-repose - increase
b. rest-repose - decrease *
c. flight or fight - increase
d. flight or fight - decrease
41. Supertasters detect ____ amounts of salt, sugar, etc. in their foods because they have _____ taste buds on their tongue.
a. only large – few
b. only large - so many
c. minute (tiny) - so many *
d. minute (tiny) - few
42. Which person has the best sense of smell and taste, on average?
a. 20 year old, non-smoker *
b. 20 year old, smoker
c. 80 year old, non-smoker
d. 80 year old, smoker
43. In addition to the lens, which of these contribute to the bending of light before light hits the retina?
a. Sclera
b. Choroid
c. Iris
d. Cornea *
44. Olfactory neurons are unusual because their signals go to the _____ regions of the brain as well as the olfactory region of the cerebral
cortex.
a. emotion/memory *
b. primary motor
c. cerebellum
d. autopilot
45. Your pupils dilate (open up more) when you __________.
a. stimulate the parasympathetic system
b. read a book
c. get nervous or excited *
d. go out into bright sunlight
46. The ciliary muscle should contract when your eyes try to _________.
a. reduce your visual fatigue
b. let more light reach the retina
c. dilate your pupils
d. watch a computer screen. *
47. The _____ region of the retina provides the brain with the clearest images and best color because it contains _____.
a. peripheral – all cones
b. peripheral – all rods
c. fovea – all cones *
d. fovea – all rods
48. Which sensory cells/neurons regenerate regularly in a young adult?
a. Olfactory Neurons *
b. Rods
c. Cones
d. Cochlear Hair Cells
49. Hair cells on the ____ section of the basilar membrane detect frequencies over 15,000 Hz.
a. stiff, wide
b. loose, wide
c. stiff, narrow *
d. loose, narrow
50. Fig. 3 shows that ______ causes the greatest hearing loss at 4-6 kHz, but _____ causes the greatest hearing loss at 0.5-1 kHz.
a. diabetes - firearms
b. firearms - diabetes *
c. hypertension - occupational noise
d. occupational noise - hypertension
Fig. 1
Flora, SJS & V Pachauri. 2010. Chelation in metal Iintoxication.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 7(7): 2745–2788.
Fig. 2
Effect of glucocorticosteroid treatment in patients with meningitis, regarding their
risk of developing deafness as a result of the infection.
Brouwer M, et al. 2010. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010(9)
Fig. 3
Fig. 4 (AD = Alzheimer’s Disease)
Association between heavy smoking, hypertension (HTN), diabetes, noise
exposure and frequency specific hearing level (in dB). Hearing level is the
difference in sound required for participants with & without a particular risk
factor to hear 50% of sounds at a specific frequency. Adjusted for age,
sex, race/ ethnicity, & educational level. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Agrawal,Y, et al. 2009. Otology & Neurotology 30:139-145.
Scarmeas, N., et al. 2009. Physical Activity, Diet, and Risk of Alzheimer Disease.
JAMA. 302(6):627-637.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6 (KJ measures energy use)
Phosphate and change in calcium balance, stratified by composition of
phosphate supplements: Acidic phosphate supplement line ____, pvalue = 0.78; alkaline/neutral line ------, p-value < 0.001.
Fenton, TR, et al. 2009. Nutrition Journal 8:41.
Relative change in resting energy expenditure, KJ/24 hr/kg fat-free mass (FFM) in
response to an acute, full body 1-set and 3-set resistance training workouts. Values
are mean ± SD. *Different from 0 h, p < 0.05.
Heden, T, et al. 2010. Eur J Appl Physiol. DOI 10.1007/s00421-010-1666-5