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Summary of the Major Brain Structures Structure Hindbrain (part of the brain stem) • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Reticular Formation Midbrain (part of the brain stem) • Substantia nigra Forebrain • • Cerebral cortex o Temporal lobe o Occipital lobe o Parietal lobe o Frontal lobe Corpus callosum Function A region at the based of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life structures. Controls vital autonomic life functions such as breathing, circulation, digestion and heart rate. The medulla also controls a number of vital reflexes, such as swallowing, coughing, vomiting and sneezing. Area where neural messages from each side of the body cross to the opposite side of the brain. A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body. A large two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium. It is involved in the learning of automatic movements and motor skills such as typing, or writing. Damage to this region can result in jerky uncoordinated movements. A network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal and sleep. It seems to help filter out unimportant sensory information. The middle and smallest brain region. It is involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information. An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamineproducing neurons. Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease. The wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain, which contains the most sophisticated brain centers. Contains centers involved in complex behaviors An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information. An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information. An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that process somatic sensations including touch, temperature, pressure and information from receptors in the muscles and joints. The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processing of voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning and emotional control. A thick band of fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between the two. Figures in textbook Figure 2.15 Figure 2.18 Figure 2.17 1/17/08 Limbic system • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Hippocampus • Amygdala Processes and distributes almost all of the sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex. It is thought to be involved in regulating levels of awareness, attention, motivation and emotional aspects of sensation. A peanut-sized structure that regulates behavior important for survival, such as eating, during, frequency of sexual activity, fear and aggression. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays a role in regulating daily sleep-wake cycles and other rhythms of the body. The hypothalamus produces both neurotransmitters and hormones that directly influence the pituitary gland. It also regulates the autonomic nervous system. A large structure embedded in the temporal lobe that plays a role in the ability to form new memories. An almond shaped structure that is involved in controlling a variety of emotional response patterns, including fear, anger, and disgust. It is also involved in learning and memory formation. Figure 2.21 Figure 2.20 1/17/08