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Chapter 2 Part II Notes
The Central Nervous System (BRAIN)
How We Study the Brain…
I.
II
Non Technological Methods:
A.
Prior to technology, BRAIN DAMAGE was the one way to understand what each part of the
brain did.
*
“Tah” – Language Centers of Brain
*
Phineas Gage Video – Describe what happens to Phineas’ brain.
B.
Psycho-Surgery –
Removal of brain tissue or structures leads to an understanding of those
cells/structures. (tumors/elective)
1.
Lesion: - Removal of specific cells/neurons
2.
Lobotomy: - Severing of the connection between the limbic system and the pre-frontal
cortex. Used in 1940’s to “treat” people. Furthered understanding of these brain
structures. No longer used for “treatment” because it didn’t work.
With the help of technology
A.
Microelectrode Techniques: (Penfield/Delgado Motor/Sensory Cortex Maps)
They detect impulses from AN ELECTRODE and follow it through the body to the brain or brain
to body.
B.
Electroencephalagraph EEG
Traces CHARGES produced by IONS by filtering out everything but the electrical wave created
by an outside stimulus.
C.
Computerized Axial Tomography C/T or CAT SCAN
Still-life TWO-DIMENSIONAL photo of the brain.
D.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A person=s head is placed in a MAGNETIC FIELD where ATOMS are disoriented by brief
PULSES . When atoms return to normal, they emit SIGNALS -- a computer generates images of
the soft tissue from these signals.
1.
fMRI (Functional MRI)
Watch the video clip about brain imagining and write a brief description about how this
works.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm-1SZ1LXi8
E.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET SCAN)
Our brains consume GLUCOSE (sugar) when active.
An individual is INJECTED with a low dose of RADIOACTIVE sugar. The scanner then shows full
COLOR of each area of the BRAIN that consumes the radioactive sugar by burning it. Actually
picks up the HEAT rays emitted by the cells when they burn the glucose.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltesoTEu7JE
Sub Cortex Structures… Song Break http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyvoaM_9HME
Use your diagram pages to identify where each of the following parts of the lower brain are located. (
III.
The brain is divided into two regions. They are the SUBCORTEX and CEREBRUM.
A.
Sub-Cortex (left hand):
The “OLD BRAIN”, Hindbrain
These structures are the earliest to EVOLVE according to evolutionary psychologists. The subcortex is made up of structures that control our BASIC needs such as INSTINCTS, EMOTIONS
and INVOLUNTARY responses.
B.
Cerebral Cortex(right hand):
The “NEW BRAIN”, Cerebrum
This is the upper, WRINKLED layer of the brain divided into two HEMISPHERES and four
LOBES. The cerebrum is made up of structures that influence upper level functioning such as
LOGIC, LANGUAGE, LONG-TERM MEMORY and ABSTRACT thought.
C.
Matter:
1.
D.
Gray
Non-Myelinated neurons
Longitudinal vs.
Separates hemispheres
2.
Central vs.
3.
Separates
parietal lobe
from frontal lobe
and motor cortex
from somatosensory
cortex.
Lateral
Separates frontal and
parietal lobes (above) from
temporal lobes (below)
Systems:
1.
IV.
2.
Fissures/Wrinkles:
1.
E.
White
vs.
Myelinated neurons of CNS
Nervous vs.
Neurons/Neurotransmitters
2.
Endocrine
Glands/Hormones
The structures of the sub-cortex.
A.
Brain Stem(arm):
Extension of the spinal cord into the BRAIN. Approximately 3 INCHES long. Controls
AUTONOMIC functions such as:
B.
Medulla(tap/cross wrists):
Nearest structure to the brain stem. 1.5 inches long. Controls BREATHING, heart rate, blood
pressure, and, most importantly, this is the sensory and motor CROSS- over station.
C.
Pons(yawn):
This structure works with the PINEAL body to regulate SLEEP and WAKE cycles (circadian
rhythm) by stimulating the release of SEROTONIN. It also communicates between the
CEREBELLUM and the MOTOR CORTEX to help regulate balance and posture.
D.
Reflect:
Pineal Body(yawn):
A part of the ENDOCRINE system. Releases the hormone MELOTONIN Works with the pons
to regulate sleep/wake cycles. Controlled by LIGHT and DARK environments.
How do your own sleep habits relate to the information you’ve learned about the pons and pineal
gland?
E.
Midbrain:
Several structures in the middle of the sub-cortex that are related to PAIN
sensations.
F.
Thalamus - Thala MAIL mus(pass the mail):
Sends FILTERED sensory information to the CEREBRAL cortex to be interpreted by these
higher-level portions of the brain. Works as a SENSORY relay station.
G.
Reticular Formation(snap/tic):
Also called the RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM. Filters incoming sensory information to
send it to the THALAMUS Related to mental AROUSAL and the ability to focus attention.
H.
Cerebellum(back of wrist):
Also called the “LITTLE” brain because it is wrinkled like the fissures of
the cerebral cortex. Located behind the BRAINSTEM under the OCCIPITAL lobe.
Related to BALANCE, posture, and VOLUNTARY movement.
I.
Corpus Callosum:
Large band of AXONS that communicate between HEMISPHERES of the cerebral cortex.
Many INTERNEURONS that relay information back and forth.
J.
Pituitary:
Another GLAND that secretes HORMONES rather than
NEUROTRANSMITTERS. Known as the MASTER gland. This gland stimulates the other
glands throughout the body to function when necessary. It also releases GROWTH hormone that
regulates development early in life.
K.
The Limbic System: THE EMOTIONAL Brain (heee heee, whaaaa!!!, grrrrr!!)
Made up of three structures. Associated with basic emotions, basic drives, and basic memory
formation.
Reflect:
1.
Hippocampus(pulses down the tops of the fingers):
Center of MEMORY. Initial formations occur here for EPISODIC (personal) and
SEMANTIC (factual) memories.
2.
Amygdala(pinky/thumb):
Related to experiences of AGGRESSION and fear. Two basic emotions. Not the center
of PROCESSING these emotions, though. FIGHT OR FLEEEEEE….
What is your favorite brain part so far?
3.
Hypothalamus(three middle fingernails … the three F’s – Food, Furnace, F… un!):
Right below the THALAMUS. Controls and regulates your basic DRIVES such as
HUNGER, THIRST, and sexuality. It is considered to be your PLEASURE center.
Film Clip
Cerebral Cortex Structures…
I.
The Cerebral Cortex: “NEW” Brain
TWO Hemispheres
Cortex:
FOUR Lobes FISSURES (wrinkles) – 16 square feet
F(lower) P.O.T. or F(reud’s) M(other) S(mokes) P.O.T
Frontal (motor and sensory) Parietal Occipital Temporal
A.
Frontal Lobes
1.
Behind forehead
2.
Pre-frontal
a.
Personality, processing of emotions, abstract thought, logic, judgment
3.
Motor Cortex
a.
Speech production and muscle movement
b.
Axons cross over at the MEDULLA.
c.
Mapped for all muscle movement
B.
Parietal Lobes
1.
Behind Motor Cortex. Center/Top
2.
Sensory Cortex
3.
Mapped for all skin sensations
4.
Cross over at MEDULLA.
C.
Occipital Lobes
1.
Back of Cerebrum/Above cerebellum
2.
VISUAL Cortex
3.
Center of all visual processing
D.
Temporal Lobes
1.
Behind temples
2.
AUDITORY Cortex
3.
Memory processing, facial recognition, understanding speech
E.
Association Areas
1.
Areas within the brain that communicate using interneurons.
2.
Full of NEURAL Networks, or series of connected neurons that connect at the synapse
and grow in strength as you practice and/or learn.
F.
Language Centers (BAW)
1.
Broca’s Area: Broca/Boca
Works with muscles, face and jaw to produce speech. Located in left, frontal lobe. If
it’s damaged, we can’t SPEAK.
2.
Wernicke’s Area
Works to help us understand language. Located in left, temporal lobe. If it’s damaged,
we can’t COMPREHEND.
3.
Angular Gyrus:
Responsible for turning written words into auditory form so that we can read language.
Located between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas in left hemisphere. If it’s damaged, we
can’t READ.
G.
Movement and Sensation
1.
Motor Cortex/Frontal
2.
Sensory Cortex/Parietal
H.
Hemisphere Specialization (attachments)
1.
Right
2.
Left
Endocrine System …
I.
Chemical messengers are HORMONES rather than neurotransmitters.
II.
Messengers travel through the BLOOD rather than neurons.
III.
Know these major endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete.
A.
Thyroid - thyroxin
B.
Parathyroids - parathormone
C.
Pineal (already listed above) - melotonin
D.
Pancreas - insulin
E.
Pituitary (already above) – growth/master
F.
Gonads
A.
Testes - testosterone
B.
Ovaries - estrogen
G.
Adrenal - adrenaline