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Download Lecture 5 - Brain I - Linn
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4/9/2010 Objectives To orient the student to the major regions of the brain. To briefly identify the functional roles of each lobe of the cerebrum. To outline the regions of cerebral motor activity & sensory activity. To define the association areas of the brain and provide an example. To address the phenomena of lateralization. To explain the association between white matter and basal nuclei. Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata (d) Birth Figure 12.3d Regions and Organization of the CNS I. Adult brain regions 1. 2. 3. 4. Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) Cerebellum II. Spinal Cord 1. Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core. 2. Fiber tracts - external white matter/myelin. Ventricles A lumen/spacelumen/space- derived from the neural tube Filled with spinal fluids. > Lateral >Third ventricle >Fourth ventricle. Cerebrum Septum pellucidum Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Inferior horn Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Central canal Most superior part of the brain. 83% of the brain mass Divided into two hemispheres. ….connected by the longitudinal fissure. Cerebral cortex – gray matter Contralateral control - opposite side of the body (a) Anterior view 1 4/9/2010 Anterior Tour of the Brain - CNS Cerebrum - Responsible for consciousness. Divided into hemispheres & association areas. Controls: conscious mind, communication, memory and understanding, voluntary movements, creativity. Composed of primarily gray matter i.e. numerous cell bodies of neurons. - Convolutions called gyri - Grooves are called sulci - Deep grooves are called fissures fissures.. Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Figure 12.6c Lobes and Parietal fissures of the cerebral lobe hemispheres. Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Posterior (c) Lobes of the Brain > > > > Frontal Parietal Temporal Lobe Occipital Frontal lobe Central sulcus Parietal lobe Figure 12.6a Lobes and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres. Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Fissure (a deep sulcus) Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter (a) Cerebral Motor Activity I. Primary (somatic) motor cortex – conscious motor control. Stroke paralyzes the body muscles controlled by those areas. II. Premotor cortex - Learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature e.g. typing Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) IV. Frontal eye field –voluntary eye movement Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Figure 12.8a Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex. Prefrontal cor tex Working memory for spatial tasks Solving complex, multitask problems III. Broca’s area – associated with language and sound Central sulcus Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere 2 4/9/2010 Posterior The motor homonculus Motor The sensory homonculus Sensory Anterior Motor map in precentral gyrus Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Figure 12.9 Body maps in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum. Toes Genitals Jaw Tongue Swallowing Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intraabdominal Association Areas Regions of the brain that communicate i.e. “associate associate”” with primary regions of the brain. Act with other sensory association areas to analyze/interpret and act on sensory inputs based on past experiences. experiences. Multiple inputs & multiple outputs i.e. complex End Sensory Activity of the Cerebrum Primary somatosensory cortex - Receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints - spatial discrimination Primary visual cortex Primary auditory cortex Cerebral Lateralization Left – controls: Speech, writing, reading and math “Analytical and sequential” Right – controls: recognition of space, patterns, music and emotion, nonnon-verbal language, “tone.” “ Holistic and recognition” White matter Material responsible for communication between cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. Composed of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts. Commissures: fibers connecting gray areas of Commissures: the 2 hemisphere. > Corpus callosum (largest) 3 4/9/2010 Basal nuclei Associated with subthalamic nuclei (the floor of the diencephalon). Dienchephalon Gray matter of the third ventricle (located at the core of the forebrain) Composed of distinctive cell groups: e.g. Caudate & lentiform Play a role in motor control, may be involved with attention and cognition. Disorders of the basal nuclei show up as too much or too little movement such as Huntington’s or Parkinson’s diseases. I. Thalamus – relay station II. Hypothalamus – homeostasis regulator III. Epithalamus – pineal gland & choroid plexus. Brain Stem (intro) Superior to Inferior – > Midbrain – visual & auditory reflex centers & fear > Pons – regulation of respiration > Medulla Oblongata – respiratory rhythm & heart rate Histology: similar to the spinal cord i.e. gray matter is deep and white matter surrounds it. Controls – Automatic behaviors for survival Heavily involved with the innervation of the head 4