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PS1000 Introduction to Neuroscience Dr Claire Gibson School of Psychology, University of Leicester [email protected] 1. Functional Neuroanatomy – The Nervous System and Behaviour 2. Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System PS1000 2 Functional Neuroanatomy The Nervous System and Behaviour Overview • Cells of the nervous system (NS) • Gross neuroanatomy Introduction to the larger-scale neural structures that are constructed from the cellular building blocks • Functional neuroanatomy Correlating anatomy with behaviour PS1000 3 Cells of the nervous system • Nerve cells (neurons) – specialised cells – convey sensory information into the brain – transmit commands from the brain to control organs and muscles, – thought, feeling, action – form complex circuits • Glial cells – support (variety of mechanisms) PS1000 4 The Neuron • Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) • Neurons were continuous with one another • Nearly endless network of connected tubes • Revolutionary staining • Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) • Used Golgi’s staining techniques • Neurones are not continuous with one anotehr • Small gaps exist PS1000 5 The Neuron Doctrine • States that; The brain is composed of separate neurons (and other cells) that are independent structurally, metabolically and functionally. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses – Charles Sherrington). PS1000 6 PS1000 7 Structure of the Neuron • Common to all neurons; 1. Input zone Cellular extensions (dendrites) which receive inputs from other neurones, branched 2. Integration zone Cell body region 3. Conduction zone A single extension (axon) transmits information away from the cell body 4. Output zone Axon terminals (synaptic boutons), communicate the cell’s activity to other cells PS1000 8 Classification of neurones 1. Shape 2. Size 3. Function PS1000 9 Classification of neurones 1. Shape 1. Bipolar neurones 2. Monopolar neurones 3. Multipolar neurones PS1000 10 Classification of neurones 2. Size • considerable variety in shape and size • larger neurones more complex inputs/outputs cover greater distances convey information more rapidly ….than smaller neurones PS1000 11 Classification of neurones 3. Function i) motor neuron (motoneuron) located in spinal cord, transmits information from the spinal cord to the muscles, ii) sensory neuron a neuron directly affected by changes in the environment (e.g. touch) iii) Interneuron neither a sensory or motoneuron, receives information from and sends output to other neurones, PS1000 12 Glial cells • Glia = glue (greek) • Originally thought to simply ‘stick’ NS together • Structural support • Communicate (with each other and neurones) • Directly affect neuronal functioning – Provide raw materials and chemical signals – Directly affect neuronal structure and excitability, PS1000 13 Glial cells Dendrites Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Neuron cell body Main types; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells PS1000 14 Synapses (PS1003) PS1000 15 The Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Cranial nerves – Spinal nerves – Autonomic nervous system PS1000 16 The Brain • 1400g (~2% body weight) • Cerebral hemispheres • Convolutions = folding= gyri (gyrus) • Separated from each other by sulci (sulcus) • White matter – fiber tracts • Grey matter – cell bodies and dendrites (lack myelin) • CNS = hierarchial PS1000 17 Forebrain • Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus • Cerebral hemispheres – – – – Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal (bones) • Corpus callosum PS1000 18 Structure Major Function Frontal Lobe Motor cortex Basal ganglia Broca’s area Prefrontal cortex Plans and executes voluntary movements Smoothes movements Controls speech Planning, impulse control Parietal lobes Somatosensory cortex Association cortex Projection area for body senses Location of body and objects in space Temporal lobes Auditory cortex Wernicke’s area Inferior temporal cortex Auditory information Language area – meaning Visual identification of objects Occipital lobes Primary visual cortex Visual association cortex Projection area for visual information Processes components of visual information PS1000 19 Support and nourishment for the brain PS1000 20 Support and nourishment for the brain • Ventricular system • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Choroid plexus PS1000 21 Relating structure to function The case of Phineas Gage (1848) • 25-yr old construction worker • 3.5 foot long tamping iron through cheek and out of skull • Regained consciousness, talk, walk, • No impairment of; speech, learning, memory, intelligence • Dramatic personality changes • Post-mortem – damage to both areas of frontal lobe for processing emotions and making rational decisions • Localisation of function PS1000 22 Summary • • • • • Neurons and glia The neuron doctrine Classification of neurons Anatomy of the brain (forebrain) Support and nourishment for the brain – meninges, CSF • Localisation of functions within the brain PS1000 23