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Homework Week 2 Due in Lab PreLab 2 HW #2 – Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section) Reminders No class next Monday Quiz 1 is @ 5:30pm on Tuesday, 1/22/13 Study guide posted under “Study Aids” section of website Thought Questions When you have one of your mandibular teeth worked on at the dentist and he gives you a shot to deaden half of your mouth, what division of the nervous system is being affected by the lidocaine? 2. What do you think it’s mode of action is? 1. Hint: Remember Physio-EX in lab? 3. Is it affecting a cranial or spinal nerve? Thought Questions What 3 structures maintain resting membrane potential in neurons? 2. What membrane structure is responsible for depolarization during an action potential? 3. What membrane structure is responsible for repolarization during an action potential? 1. The Nervous System THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BRAIN Introduction Integration Memory Learning Sensation and perception Organization of Neural Tissue White matter versus gray matter Fiber bundles Nerves versus tracts Nerve cell bodies Nucleus versus ganglion Organization of Neural Tissue Generally External white matter Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core Composed of myelinated fiber tracts Brain has additional areas of gray matter Not present in spinal cord Cortex of gray matter Inner gray matter Central cavity Migratory pattern of neurons Cerebrum Cerebellum Region of cerebellum Outer white matter Gray matter Central cavity Inner gray matter Outer white matter Brain stem Gray matter Central cavity Outer white matter Spinal cord Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Inner gray matter Figure 12.4 Organization of Neural Tissue Similar pattern with additional areas of gray matter The Brain Functions Conscious perception Internal regulation Average adult male 3.5 lbs Average adult female 3.2 lbs Same brain mass to body mass ratio! The Brain 4 Adult brain regions 1. 2. 3. 4. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) The Brain The Brain Four major regions are connected by ventricles and aqueducts The Brain Ventricles Filled with cerebrospinal fluid Lined by ependymal cells Continuous with one another The Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres form superior part of brain About 80% of brain mass 3 tissue layers Superficial cortex = gray matter Internal white matter Basal nuclei = islands of gray matter Anterior Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Left cerebral hemisphere (c) Posterior Figure 12.6c The Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Surface layer of cerebrum “Executive Suite” Convolutions Gyri – elevated ridges Sulci – shallow grooves Fissures – deep grooves, separate larger regions of the brain The Cerebrum Fissures divide cerebral hemispheres into 4 lobes The Cerebrum 3 types of functional areas in the cerebral cortex 1. 2. 3. Motor areas Control voluntary movement Sensory areas Conscious awareness of sensation Association areas Integrate diverse information The Cerebrum Functional areas of the cerebral cortex Contralateral orientation Hemispheres are functionally specialized Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex Cerebral Motor Activity Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Motor Activity Primary motor cortex Large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus Long axons pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts Allows conscious control Precise, skilled, voluntary movements Posterior Motor Homunculus Somatotopy of precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) Motor Motor map in precentral gyrus Anterior Toes Jaw Tongue Swallowing Motor homunculi: upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Figure 12.9 Cerebral Motor Activity Premotor cortex Anterior to the precentral gyrus Controls learned, repetitious or patterned motor skills Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions Involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback Cerebral Motor Activity Broca’s area Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area Present in one hemisphere (usually the left) Motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue Active as one prepares to speak Cerebral Motor Activity Frontal eye field Anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca’s area Controls voluntary eye movements Cerebral Motor Activity Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke) Types Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke Result Tissue death called an infarct Effects are determined by Where it occurs How large the area involved Stroke Stroke Cerebral Sensory Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas & related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Sensory Activity Widely dispersed Parietal, temporal & occipital lobes Concerned with conscious awareness of sensation Cerebral Sensory Activity Primary somatosensory cortex In the postcentral gyri, parietal lobe Stimuli from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints Capable of spatial discrimination Identification of body region being stimulated Posterior Sensory Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Genitals Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intraabdominal Figure 12.9 Cerebral Sensory Activity Somatosensory association cortex Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex Integrates and analyzes inputs Temperature, size, texture Relationship of parts of objects being felt Example: keys in pocket Cerebral Sensory Activity Visual areas Primary visual cortex Occipital lobe Receives visual information from the retinas Visual association area Surrounds the primary visual cortex Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli Example: color, form and movement Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemispheres Cerebral Sensory Activity Auditory areas Primary auditory cortex Temporal lobes Interprets information from inner ear Pitch, loudness and location Auditory association area Posterior to the primary auditory cortex Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds Cerebral Sensory Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Association Areas Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas Send outputs to multiple areas Including the premotor cortex Function Allows us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take Multimodal association areas Association Activity Three areas Prefrontal cortex Posterior association area (not discussed here) Limbic association area Cerebral Association Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Association Activity Prefrontal cortex Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment Association Activity Limbic association area Part of the limbic system Provides emotional impact that helps establish memories Connections with prefrontal cortex regulate emotional expression Cerebral Association Activity Motor areas Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic Somatosensory sensation association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Figure 12.8a Cerebral Lateralization Left hemisphere Math Logic Language Controls right side of body Right hemisphere Visual-spatial skills Intuition Emotion Art and music Controls left side of body Cerebral White Matter Projection tracts Connect cerebrum w/other body locations Association tracts Interconnect cerebral cortex (same side) Commissural tracts Connect two hemispheres White Matter Tracts Cerebral Gray Matter Basal Nuclei Association of gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres Contribute to muscle coordination by excitatory innervation Ex. Parkinson’s Basal Nuclei Activity 52 Complete CNS 23 #5, 1-6 CNS 21 Crossword puzzle