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Name: BIOLOGY 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The CNS consists of the ________ and _________________. The CNS lies in the _________ of the body and is the place where ________________________ ________ and _________________________. Protected by _________ (skull, vertebrae). They are also wrapped up in three protective membranes called _______________ (DURA MATER, ARACHNOID, PIA MATER) meningitis is inflammation of these membranes Spaces between meninges filled with _______________________ for ____________ and _____________. This fluid also found within _________________ of the spinal cord and _____________ of brain. (Spinal Tap- withdraw fluid to test for meningitis). SPINAL CORD: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM’S “SUPERHIGHWAY” Responsible for reflexes and means of communication between brain and PNS GRAY MATTER: contains _______________ and associated dendrites of neurons and ________________________________. Where synapses occur Interneurons are located here WHITE MATTER: ______________________________________ that run together in bundles called _________ that connect the cord to the brain. within white matter, ascending tracts take information to the brain, descending tracts in the ventral part carry information down from the brain. [Type text] THE BRAIN weighs about 3 pounds; average volume of 1400cm 3 When you were born, you had the maximum number of neurons (~200 billion). Thousands are lost daily, never to be replaced and apparently not missed, until the cumulative loss builds up in very old age The brain itself contains parts which function in the coordination of movement, sensing, & consciousness (and all that entails), as well as areas that are below the level of conscious control. The brain is vastly complex, and is certainly not thoroughly understood. There are many ways of looking at the brain functionally and structurally. The simplest first way of looking at it is dividing it up into parts that run “automatically” (the unconscious brain) and the parts in which our consciousness resides (the conscious brain). V U Pons THE UNCONSCIOUS BRAIN THALAMUS (V) ___________________________ (except for smell) from all parts of the body and _________ them to the cerebrum (appropriate regions of cortex for interpretation). Serves as a CENTRAL RELAY STATION for sensory impulses coming up spinal cord and other parts of brain to the cerebrum. The thalamus has connections to various parts of the brain, and is part of the ARAS (the ascending reticular activating system), which sorts out incoming stimuli, passing on to the cerebrum only those that require ________________________. i.e. it lets you ignore input (like your teacher talking) so you can do other things (yak to your friends about Grad). The ARAS extends from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus. CEREBELLUM (Z) 2nd largest part of brain receives sensory information from eyes, ears, joints, and _____________ (which senses balance) about the present position of body parts receives motor output from cerebral cortex about where these parts should be controls __________ and _________________________. [Type text] Functions in ________________________ and makes sure skeletal muscles work together smoothly. Responsible for ____________________________, __________, and _________. Assists in learning of new motor skills such as playing piano or hitting a baseball BRAIN STEM consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata MEDULLA OBLONGATA (X) Lies closest to spinal cord Contains reflex centres that control _____________________________________________ like coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccoughing, swallowing. An "ancient" part of brain. MIDBRAIN- Central relay station between rest of brain and medulla oblongata Has reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses PONS –(means “bridge”) located in brainstem (above/superior to medulla) contains bundles of axons traveling between the ____________ and ______ functions with medulla to _______________________________ and has ___________ centers involving head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli HYPOTHALAMUS (W) regulates ___________________ by maintaining _______________________ contains centers for hunger, sleep, thirst, _________________________________________ Controls ______________________ (U) (serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine systems) plays a role in sexual response and mating behaviors, and the “fight-or-flight” response, and pleasure. Yes, there are pleasure centers in the hypothalamus (these have been stimulated experimentally with electrodes in studies using rats). CORPUS CALLOSUM (Y) horizontal connecting piece between the two hemispheres of the brain contains tracts that ______________________ (information) between the two cerebral hemispheres. It has been noted that severing the corpus callosum can control severe epilepsy (which is thought to be caused by a disturbance of the normal communication between the RAS and the cortex), but also means the two halves of brain don't communicate with each other normally and will function ____________. Each half has its own __________ and “________” of thinking. Sometimes you’ll hear this discussed as “right brain” versus “left brain” thinking. See below. [Type text] THE CONSCIOUS BRAIN: THE CEREBRUM Primary Sensory Area Primary Motor Area leg arm Motor Elaboration hand lips Frontal Conscious Thought tongue leg arm hand Hearing swallowing Speech Production (“Broca’s Area”) Parietal Speech Production vocab/grammar storage. “Wernicke’s area” lips tongue mouth Olfaction (smell) Vision Occcipital Temporal perceptual judgment largest, most prominent, most highly developed portion of the brain very convoluted (folded) with approximately 0.5m2 of surface area. WHY? Gray matter consists of the CEREBRAL CORTEX (responsible for sensation, voluntary movement, and thought processes associated with consciousness) and basal nuclei (ensure proper muscle groups are activated or inhibited) White matter(consisting of long myelinated axons organized into tracts) contains tracts that send signals from upper part to lower part of brain, and vice versa ________________________ resides only in this part of the brain. Intellect, learning, memory, sensations are formed here Divided into right and left CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, each consisting of FOUR LOBES: 1. FRONTAL – primary motor area voluntary ___________________________________ (e.g. problem solving, concentration, planning, judging the consequences of behavior, moving your tongue and mouth to speak (left side only= Broca’s area). 2. PARIETAL – primary somatosensory area _________ e.g. touch, temperature, pressure, pain, taste. Understanding speech, using words 3. TEMPORAL - _________________, interpretation of experiences, _____________ of visual scenes, music, and complex sensory patterns. 4. OCCIPITAL - _____________, combining visual experiences with other sensory experiences. [Type text] All the lobes have _____________________________ that receive information from other lobes and integrate it into higher, more complex levels of consciousness. Association areas are concerned with intellect, artistic, and creative abilities, learning, and memory. Prefrontal area = association area in frontal lobes that receives info from other association areas and uses this information to reason and plan our actions The ______________________ of the brain controls the ______________ of the body (except for smell), and vice versa. Thus, an image viewed with the right eye is actually “seen” with the left occipital lobe. The left hand is controlled by the right frontal lobe, and so on. A person with a severed corpus callosum may appear normal in most situations, but careful experiments reveal much about lateralization of the brain. For example, a patient holding a key in the left hand, with both eyes open, will readily name it as a “key.” If blindfolded, though, the subject will recognize the key by touch and use it to open a lock, but will be completely unable to name it. The center for speech is in the left hemisphere, but sensory information from the left hand crosses (normally) the corpus callosum and enters the right side of the brain. In this patient, sensory input and spoken response are dissociated. Right Brain/Left Brain: Different Qualities and an Uneasy Alliance? The Left Hemisphere The Right Hemisphere The “logical side” The “intuitive side” speaks processes data evaluates analyzes differences is factual is structured has time and measures “speaks but cannot know” You use the LEFT side of the brain when you know what you’re looking for creates images processes senses symbolizes seeks similarities is spiritual is spontaneous has no time and measures “knows but cannot speak” You use the RIGHT side of the brain when you “know it when you see it” talking setting goals planning measuring seeing differences feeling speculating visualizing empathizing sensing similarities many individuals posses both right brain and left brain traits. Some people just have a more dominant side. It is very helpful to know some of your traits since this point out your strengths as well as your weaknesses. [Type text]