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Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Objectives
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Name and state the function of the cranial
nerves
State which division of the nervous system is
responsible for:
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Slowing heart rate
Vasoconstriction
Increased peristalsis
Relaxation of the bladder sphincter
Increase in adrenalin
Thick viscid saliva
Peripheral Nervous System
Objectives
Describe the neuro assessment
Plan essentials of nursing care for the
unconscious patient
Explain the nursing responsibility for specific
neurological function tests.
Peripheral Nervous System
Vocabulary
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Acetylcholine
Cholinesterase
Sympathomemetic/ adrenergic
Cholinergic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Muscarinic
Nicotinic
The Nervous System
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Two divisions
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Central
Peripheral
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Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Neurons
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Three types
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Sensory (afferent)
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Motor (efferent)
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Somatic
Visceral
Somatic
Visceral
Interneurons
Motor Neuron:
Efferent Neuron – Moving out from a central organ or point
Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the
muscles and organs
Sensory Neuron:
Afferent Neuron – Moving towards a central organ or point
Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord
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Interneuron (relay
neuron):
Relays message from
sensory neuron to
motor neuron
Make up the brain
and spinal cord
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Transmission along
the axon is electrical
Transmission across
the synapse is
chemical
Neurotransmitters
include ACh, GABA,
serotonin
Nerves and Nerve Tracts
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Nerve
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Sensory or motor
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Mixed
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Group of like neurons
Both motor and sensory
Nerve tract
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Groups of neurons within the CNS
All neurons either sensory or motor
Sensory Pathway
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Receptors
Sensory neurons
Sensory tracts
Sensory areas
Characteristics of sensation
The Senses
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Cutaneous
Referred Pain
Muscle sense
Taste
Smell
Hunger and Thirst
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs of spinal
nerves
Named according to
their vertebrae
Each spinal nerve has
2 roots: dorsal and
ventral
Reflexes
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Unconscious
Involuntary
Mediated at the level
of the spine
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
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Also called
thoracolumbar
Dominant in stressful
situations
Parasympathetic
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Craniosacral
Cranial nerve
pairs 3,7,9, 10
Dominates in
non-stress
situations
The Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Stimulation
P
Iris (eye muscle)
Pupil dilation
Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
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Dopamine
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Found at neuromuscular junctions
Primarily in the brain
As a medication it works on sympathetic NS
Norepinepherine
Epinepherine
Aging and the nervous system
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Decreased number of neurons does not
cause mental impairment
Reflexes and voluntary movement slowed
Dry eyes and constipation due to aging
ANS
Transient HOTN dt decreased sympathetic
stimulation
Neurologic Testing
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Nurse’s role
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Bedside testing
Lumbar puncture
CT
MRI
Lumbar Puncture
Electroencephalography
Radiologic Studies
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Brain scan
Angiography
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Brain Scan
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Radioactive isotope distribution
Detect abscess, tumor, contusion, vascular
occlusion, hemorrhage, hematoma