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Lecture 2b Anatomy of the Nervous System Psych 210 Anatomy of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems Key Concept Autonomic Nervous System One system calms and the other arouses Does this setup make sense? Location terminology Superior vs. Inferior Dorsal vs Ventral Anterior vs Posterior Rostral vs Caudal Medial vs Lateral Contralateral vs Ipsilateral Proximal vs Distal Sagittal vs Coronal vs Axial Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain The Spinal Cord 5 divisions of the spinal cord 8 cervical nerves 12 thoracic nerves 5 lumbar nerves 5 sacral nerves 1 coccygeal nerve (not pictured) Organization: Spinal Cord two major classes of nerve fibers Grey matter motor descending fibers (ventral portion) sensory ascending fibers (dorsal portion) Cell bodies White matter axons Reflexes Without input from the brain Patellar reflex Knee jerk reaction Withdrawal reflex Removal of hand from hot or sharp surfaces Damage to the Spinal Cord If damaged, patients have loss of sensation and movement to areas served by the damaged nerves and to areas below the damage The Brain Two main classifications: Brainstem Cerebrum Parts of the Brainstem: The Primarily white matterMedulla (axons) Majority of information going to and from higher structures pass through the medulla Contains various groups of cell bodies (nuclei) Reticular formation Responsible for breathing, heart rate, blood pressure Responsible for sleep and arousal Damage to the medulla is fatal Parts of the Brainstem: The Pons Connects the medulla to higher brain structures Pons means “bridge” in latin Mostly white matter (axons) Connections to the ear Processes sleep and arousal Parts of the Brainstem: The Cerebellum “little brain” Coordination Balance Damage here effects skilled movements Puts together sequences of movements Also may effect speech One of the first brain structures affected by alcohol Across Species: the cerebellum Size of cerebellum and the meaning of its size has been up for debate Across mammals, the relative size of the cerebellum when compared to the brain is fairly constant Whales, dolphins, and bats seem to have a larger cerebellum: brain ratio Possibly due to the fact that these animals have SONAR capabilities All speculation at this point Parts of the Brainstem: The Tectum Consists of four bump-like structures Superior colliculus inferior colliculus and superior colliculus One step in the pathway from the optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Inferior colliculus One step in the pathway from the auditory nerve to the auditory areas of the brain Parts of the Brainstem: The Diencephalon two structures the hypothalamus the thalamus The Hypothalamus Eating, drinking, sex, circadian rhythms, temperature control Emotional behavior Fight or flight responses Termed a “pleasure center” The Pleasure center 1956: Electrodes were placed in the rat’s hypothalamus Rats were taught to press a bar to turn on the electrode and stimulate their hypothalamus In experiments, rats would do nothing but push the bar Up to 5000 times Only stopped when they dropped from exhaustion Food deprived rats given the choice of food or stimulation: chose stimulation The Thalamus pair of structures (one in each half) incoming sensory information relays in the thalamus before entering the cerebral cortex. many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions highly organized connections with cortex connections are mostly reciprocal The Cerebrum Main seat of Cognition Subcortex Cortex The cortex Six lobes Two hemispheres Subhemispheric structures The Lobes Four main lobes Frontal: motor and higher order functions Parietal: somatosensory Temporal: audition Occipital: vision Two other lobes Limbic Insular Landmarks Gyrus – bumps in brain Sulcus- depressions in the brain Gyrus Sulcus Main Landmarks Central Sulcus Lateral Sulcus (aka Sylvian Fissure) Separates frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe Longitudinal Fissure Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe Separates the two hemispheres Fissure: Large sulcus Types of Cortex Two main types Primary Receives direct input from sensory areas Only receives information from one type of sense Non-primary Receives information from other cortical areas Can be from only one sense (unimodal) Can be from multiple senses (multimodal) Primary sensory areas Primary visual: calcarine sulcus Primary auditory: Heschl's gyrus Primary somatosensory: post-central gyrus Primary motor: precentral gyrus Post-central Pre-central gyrus gyrus Heschl’s gyrus (not visible) Primary Visual Cortex Calcarine sulcus The Limbic Lobe Primarily responsible for emotional aspects of life In the center of the brain Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate gyrus Fornix Laminar organization cortex itself has a thickness of only about 3-4mm. VERY well organized 6 layers, or laminae, (Neocortex) Layer IV is the primary (but not exclusive) input layer Layers II and III are cortico-cortical output layers, Layers V and VI descending output layers II= ipsi III= contra V = basal ganglia/thal/brain stem/spinal cord VI = thal/claustrum Cytoarchitecture Laminar Organization Brodmann Tried to map out different areas of the brain based upon laminar organization Semi accurate area 17 is primary visual cortex Principles of Connectivity cortical connections are selective a majority, but not all, of the connections are reciprocal hierarchical and parallel organization Hierarchical processing proceeds in stages with each stage building on the computations carried out in the earlier stage Parallel Processing occurs in two ways at the same time (separately)